「悟」於「無曲」：牟宗三與「水滸境界」

Comprehend One’s Straightforwardness: Mou Tsungsan and“the State of The Water Margin”

牟宗三（1909-1995）作為當代新儒家的代表人物，其歸宗儒家前後的生命體悟是近代儒學史裡極值得深究的案例。在本篇論文裡，筆者將以牟宗三在1947年39歲時寫作的〈水滸世界〉作為主要討論對象，就其該時期的關懷，觀看牟宗三如何將青、中年時代的生命經歷，投射為《水滸傳》英雄，以至於對這樁反面公案有何切身體悟。如本文所指出的，牟宗三的「水滸境界」指的是「原始生命」的心靈狀態，有時也可以稱其為「自然之質」，其構成可以用「情識」來形容。牟宗三不僅藉由武松、魯智深、李逵等《水滸傳》英雄的形象，傳達「原始生命」的野性、血性、缺憾和蒼涼外，同時也妙用「表詮」、「遮詮」各種策略，以「如是如是」、「當下即是」、「無曲」與「所言水滸，即非水滸，是名水滸」式的詭詞，描繪「原始生命」直爽的特性。若合牟宗三青年以來的生涯來看，「水滸境界」應可視為是其20至34歲（1928-1942）間，所經歷過的心靈狀態，而〈水滸世界〉一文正是此間的濃縮。就牟宗三而言，讀《水滸傳》不僅是種追憶，且可以「悟」。追憶那個未歸宗於儒家前的「原始生命」之我，而「悟」於「無曲」之昔非。讀者當可從牟宗三的自我諦視中，見證到一位至情至性哲學家的心路歷程。

As a representative of contemporary New Confucianism, Mou Tsungsan (1909-1995)’s understanding of life before and after he identified himself with Confucianism is extremely worth digging into throughout modern Confucianism history. In this article, We will mainly discuss“The World of The Water Margin”written by Mou Tsungsan at the age of 39 in 1947 in terms of his concerns in that period and see how Mou Tsungsan projected his young and middle-aged experiences onto the heroes in The Water Margin in order to know what kind of personal understanding he had regarding this negative koan. As noted in this article,“the state of The Water Margin”which Mou Tsungsan mentioned refers to the state of mind of“primitive life,”sometimes also known as“natural essence,”which consists of“sentiment and knowledge.”Mou Tsungsan not only conveyed the wildness, brotherhood, regret and desolation of“primitive life”via the images of heroes in The Water Margin, such as Wu Song, Lu Zhi-shen, Li Kui, but also made good use of the strategies of“positive interpretation”and“negative interpretation”by using terms such as“thus,”“right here, right now,”“straightforward,”and the paradox“The Water Margin will be real if you don’t place too much focus on it,”to describe the forthright characteristic of“primitive life.”To summarize Mou Tsungsan’s life since his young age,“the state of The Water Margin”can be taken as the state of mind he experienced from age 20 to 34 (1928-1942), and“The World of The Water Margin”is the epitome of this period. Reading The Water Margin allowed Mou Tsungsan to look back on his“primitive life”at the times when he hadn’t identified himself with Confucianism and helped him to“comprehend”his previous fault resulted from being“straightforward.”Readers are able to witness the mental journey of a wholehearted philosopher from Mou Tsungsan’s self-review.