日本技職教育的特色與問題之探討

A Discussion on the Characteristics and Problems of Japan’s Vocational Education

本研究透過文獻分析，聚焦三個主要目的，1.釐清日本技職教育的現況，2.探討日本技職教育教育特色以及日本中等教育階段技職教育問題加以歸納；3.說明日本技職教育師資培育制度。研究結果歸納出：1.日本現行的職業教育機構，主要有義務教育階段學校職業類科「専門高校」所實施的職業教育；高等教育階段的「専門職大學」、「専門職短期大學」、「専門職大學院」「高等専門學校」、「専修學校專門課程」所實施的職業教育。2.日本現行職業教育的特色，著重在培育社會和職業上獨立生活所必需的基本能力和態度。透過在小學、國中和高中採取促進職業教育的實踐、推廣創業經驗、實施職場體驗、就業體驗等，增加與老師和家長以外的社會人士互動機會，期望產生正向教育效果，提高與不同世代人際的溝通能力，以及思考自身職業傾向和未來規劃的能力，培養高度的職業意識與對學校學習與職業相關的理解，進而激發他們的學習動機。為此，持續舉行全國産業教育展、教員研修充實、補助建構職業教育所需設備的部分費用。3.在技職教育師資培育制度部分，則依據其「免許狀主義」之外，也有三種例外：1.特別兼職講師制度；2.專業教師證科目外任教制度；3.專業科目任教制度。以補充職業教育專業教師的不足。

This study focuses on three main objectives through literature analysis: 1. To clarify the current situation of vocational education in Japan, 2. To explore the educational characteristics of vocational education in Japan and the problems and solutions of vocational education in Japan's secondary education stage; 3. To explain the teacher training system of vocational education in Japan.The research results are summarized as follows:1.The research results are summarized as follows: 1. The current vocational education institutions in Japan mainly include vocational education implemented by ''SEMON KOUKOU'' in vocational departments of compulsory education schools; vocational education implemented by ''SENMONSYOKU college '', '' SENMONSYOKU junior college'', '' SENMONSYOKU Research Institute '', ''KOUTOU SENMON school'' and ''SENSYU school'' at the higher education stage.2. The characteristics of Japan's current vocational education are to focus on cultivating the basic abilities and attitudes necessary for independent living in society and occupations. By promoting the practice of vocational education, promoting entrepreneurial experience, implementing workplace experience, and employment experience in elementary, junior high and high schools, opportunities for interaction with the public are increased, and it is expected to produce positive educational effects and understanding of the relationship between school learning and occupations, thereby stimulating their learning motivation. To this end, national industrial education exhibitions, teacher training enrichment, and partial subsidies for the construction of facilities required for vocational education are continuously held.3. Teachers need a teacher certificate, but there are three exceptions: (1) Special part-time lecturer system; (2) Teaching system outside the subject of professional teacher certificate; (3) Temporary teacher appointment system. To address the shortage of vocational education teachers.