從迷津到歸途——論杜甫詩之疾病書寫與自我見證

On the Illness Writing and Self-Witness in Tu Fu's Poems

杜甫生長於繁華的開元盛世，蒸蒸日上的帝國蘊養其堅實的儒者志向，當唐帝國在時間的推移中，由幸福轉向不幸，不幸空間的無盡延伸，迷津的國家無法承載杜甫個人的希望，致使他難以見證自我在不幸場域中的迷途，於是，一種疾病式的自我見證模式出現在杜甫疾病書寫中，筆者試以雅各布森之「雙軸理論」，從科學視角剖析疾病書寫文本，杜甫藉由「疾病」在形軀刻下的重重痕跡，為自己無法履踐儒行，挽救頹亡的事實找到藉口。因是，杜甫以「疾病」醫療自我見證的危機，然而，其見證危機的終極消解，卻來踽踽難行形軀背後之堅實儒者信念，筆者經由勞思光先生所開展的自我境界之劃分，歸結出杜甫自我境界的最終實現，在於由真實生命存養擴充而來之道德生命，因此，杜甫不以個人窮通得失為念，國家得以覓尋返回治世之途，才是最終消解國家迷津與個人失途的終極途徑。

Tu Fu was born in the Tang Dynasty and the prosperous empire cultivated his Confucian aspiration. But the decline of Tang made him unable to fulfill his own ambition. Do Fu could not develop his own ambition. Thus, a self-witness mode was showed in the Tu Fu's writings of illness. The researcher analyzes the writings of illness literature in the sciential angle of view with the Roman Jakobson's bipolarity theory of combination and selection. It is apparent that Tu Fu used the metaphor of illness in his works to find the excuse for his incapability of fulfilling his Confucian ideals and of rescuing Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Tu Fu cured his crisis of self-witness by his illness. The ultimate elimination of his crisis was in return for his confirmed Confucian ambition. By the Lao Sze-kwang's definition of self-horizon, the researcher generalized that Tu Fu matured his moral life by his real life to bring reconciliation of the illness of body and dynasty and to find the ultimate way to eliminate the disorientation of both the individual and the dynasty.