伊川「氣」論之化轉――兼及其對孟子「養氣」說之詮解

伊川於北宋理學之開創與形成，上承濂、關二系，下開朱子理學一脈，其學說主張確有可觀之處。歷來學人探究伊川之主張，多著眼於理、氣二者關係之辯證，作為其理學思想之基本架構。而伊川於氣化概念解釋世界萬象之探討中，實亦以「養氣」、「歸復」寄託聖人「盡心知命知天」之教澤。伊川對氣的思考，在「有機的自然觀」中，置入了人的主動性，為世人開啟超越氣限之路徑，此一超越之契機，盡體現在其對《孟子》「養氣論」之詮解中。本論文透過伊川於自然之氣與浩然之氣所闡之內容，辨析二者差異所在，提出伊川在《孟子》「養氣論」之詮解中，對本體之「理」的揭示，作為人在現實世界中自我改造之基礎，並足以扭轉機械運動之律則，臻造「歸復」至善的境界；對內在之「義」的標舉，作為眾人立志養氣的憑藉，對治客氣之侵擾，成為掌握浩然之氣的主體；對無限「性」的強調，作為正氣充塞天地的基礎，從而發揮血氣中的五常德性，突破氣限不常的困境。伊川對自然之氣的德性轉化，涵蓋了彼對《孟子》「養氣論」之詮解，當中「理」、「義」、「性」三者相互支持發明，其從「養氣」通往歸復本體的思維理路，正體現出儒家「天行健，君子以自強不息」的積極精神。

Yichuan's creation and formation of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty was inherited from the two lines of Lian and Guan, and arouse the line of Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism. His theoretical propositions are indeed remarkable. Scholars have always studied Yichuan's ideas, focusing mostly on the dialectical relationship between reason and qi as the basic framework of his Neo-Confucian thought. In his discussion of the concept of qi transformation to explain all phenomena in the world, Yichuan actually used ''nourishing qi'' and ''returning'' to the sage's teachings of ''knowing your destiny and knowing the heaven with all your heart.''Yichuan's thinking on qi incorporates human initiative into the ''organic view of nature'' and opens up a path for people to transcend the limitations of qi. This opportunity for transcendence is fully reflected in his interpretation of Mencius' ''On Nourishing Qi'' in the process of interpretation.This paper analyzes the differences between the two through Yichuan's explanation of the Qi of Nature and the Qi of Haoran. It proposes that Yichuan's revelation of the ''principle'' of the noumenon in the interpretation of ''Mencius' ''On Nourishing Qi'' serves as a guide for human beings in reality. The foundation of self-transformation in the world, and it is enough to reverse the laws of mechanical movement and achieve the state of ''return'' to perfection. The standardization of the inner ''righteousness'' serves as the basis for everyone's determination to cultivate Qi, and it can counteract the intrusion of airflow and become the subject of mastering the awe-inspiring Qi.The emphasis on infinite ''nature'' serves as the basis for righteousness to fill the world, thereby giving full play to the five constant virtues in blood and breaking through the dilemma of irregular qi limits. Yi Chuan's moral transformation of natural Qi covers his interpretation of ''Mencius's Theory of Nourishing Qi'', in which '' Principle'', ''righteousness'' and ''nature'' support each other and are invented, which leads from ''Nourishing Qi'' to recovery. The ontology's thinking philosophy embodies the positive spirit of Confucianism: ''Heaven moves vigorously, and a gentleman strives to constantly strive for self-improvement.''