「時無英雄」與「時無英才」──論阮籍「廣武之嘆」的多元詮釋

“None of Heroes Exist in the Time”and“None of Geniuses Exist in the Time”─An Essay on the Varied Interpretations of Ruan-ji’s Lamentation of Guang-wu

阮籍廣武之嘆：「時無英雄，使豎子成名」，為人所樂道。對此言的理解，也有著「目劉、項為豎子」與「傷時無劉、項，豎子指魏、晉間人」兩種不同的詮釋向度。雖則學界以後說為主流，但本文先是考察廣武戰場所發生的歷史事件，認為「廣武之嘆」乃經由此空間所興發的歷史感，有其針對性，故阮籍嘆劉、項為豎子，非對劉、項的總體歷史評價。其次，史傳每言阮籍「至慎」、「未嘗臧否人物」，則亦就阮籍的人格特質、生命際遇加以分析，認為豎子指魏晉間人的可能性實則不高。最末，在文獻版本上加以辨析，認為歷來諸說大抵接受《晉書》「時無英雄」、「望京邑而嘆」的記載，從而認為豎子指魏、晉間人。但此前《魏氏春秋》「時無英才」、且未有「望京邑」之說，或較貼近阮籍的性格。但《晉書》確實具有更為豐滿的歷史意象，讓阮籍雖在九泉之下，凜凜恆如有生氣，或也因之成為強勢的流傳文本，而使「豎子指魏、晉間人」成為主流看法。

It has always been recited by everyone in the Chinese history that Ruan-ji's Lamentation of Guang-wu, ''None of heroes exist in the time; thus, bastards become famous.''The comprehension toward this sentence holds two diversities of annotation:“According to Liu-bang’s perspective, Xiang-yu is the bastard.”and“The time that Ruan-ji laments has no Liu-bang and Xiang-yu; thus, the bastard should implies a person who lives in the Period of Disunity.”The contemporary academic circle adopts the latter annotation as the prime one. Nevertheless, this essay initially investigates the historical incidents that once happened in the Guang-wu battlefield; then, the critic considers that the sense of historical reality which is bred by this place let Ruan-ji laments Liu-bang and Xiang-yu are bastards. It indeed is reasonable. Besides, the history books mention Ruan-ji’s“absolutely cautiousness”and“never criticizing anyone”. It analyzes his personality and what he has encountered in his life, and considers that the possibility is quite low that“bastards”are people who live in the Period of Disunity. Last, after comparing and analyzing the versions, the description in the“wei shi chun qiu”:“None of geniuses exist in the time.”may more approach the historical reality; However,“None of heroes exist in the time”in“jin shu”holds more ample historical image as if Ruan-ji were still alive. Maybe this is the reason why this text can be strongly imprinted in everybody’s mind.