百年前「一生一課表」的教育實驗：文納特卡學校的啟示

The Education Experiment of“One Student, One Curriculum”: Revelation of the Winnetka Schools

臺灣在108課綱籌備期間，曾有一場圍繞「一生一課表」的論爭。本文透過百年前美國進步主義教育中，著名的文納特卡學校教育實驗之探究，說明該教育實驗雖然沒有形式上的「一生一課表」，卻實質上非常完整而精彩地實現這個精神，全力追求「沒有學生會失敗」的境界。它不僅重視學生學習上的個別差異、鼓勵學生個別發展與獨特性，同時更非常重視學生的社會能力之發展；更重要的是，無論「班級制」、「班級課表」、「同班同學」或是「導師制」等概念都不需要犧牲，或是淪為「歷史名詞」，因為社會情境的相處仍是學校教育中極為重要的一環。本文首先透過「虛擬參訪」描述該校的校園生活實踐情形，其次說明該校日常生活實踐背後的教育理念與規劃重點，進而分析此一教育實踐在1930年代移植進入中國時只學習到表象的歷史經驗，以作為借鏡。本文希望透過這個極力尊重學生個別差異之教育實驗為例，有助打開對於臺灣實施「一生一課表」的想像，期能有助於勾勒出最符合我們的作法。

During the ''108 National Curriculum Guidelines'' preparation in Taiwan, there was a controversy over the notion of ''one student, one curriculum table''. By examining the famous Winnetka School educational experiment of American Progressive Education a century ago, this paper shows that although the educational experiment did not have a formal ''one student, one curriculum timetable'', the experiment implemented the notion in a very complete and magnificent fashion. It not only provides various opportunities to stimulate students’ individual differences and encourages individual development and uniqueness, but it also emphasizes the development of students' social skills. More importantly, there is no need to scarify the concepts of ''class system''; ''class schedule''; ''classmates'' and ''mentorship'' or relegate these concepts to ''historical terms''. This is because social interaction is still a vital part of schooling. This paper first describes campus life through a ''virtual visit''; second, it explains the educational philosophy and planning highlights behind school life and further analyzes the historical experience of this educational practice when it was transplanted into China in the 1930s, as a reference for future attempts. Through the example of an educational experiment that respects students' individual differences, this paper hopes to help open up the possibility of implementing ''a one student, one curriculum timetable'' in Taiwan and outlines the most suitable approach for doing so.