清代四川盆地城鎮體系之建立

The Formation of the Town System in Sichua Basin in Qing Dynasty

美國學者施堅雅（G. W. Skinner）曾將中國晚清分為九個區域來進行發展特性與城市結構的比較研究，其中長江上游區域大致是以四川盆地的範圍來界定。四川盆地農業發達，向有「天府之國」的美稱，但也因位於內陸、地形上又屬於盆地，四週圍繞一千到三千公尺的山地與高原，故雖北鄰黃土高原，鄰接華北經濟區，東為長江中下游地區，鄰接華中經濟區，長久以來仍被視為封閉的世界。清代四川人口格局的成形，奠基於清初在「蜀亂」之後，在政府鼓勵「湖廣填四川」大移民下所形成的開發規模與逐步復甦的城鎮體系上。本文首先以天府之國的地域形勢與清代以前四川盆地的開發作為前言，並論述明末清初四川人口驟減的情形與清前期移民入蜀的鼓勵政策；其後則探討「湖廣填四川」的外省移民性質、路徑、過程、空間分布與文化影響，再述及清中葉以後四川城市經濟的復甦與區域場鎮體系的重構，就區域自然環境與人口發展差異，以及市場體系與城市經濟的興起歷程，論證清代四川城鎮體系的構成與變遷趨勢。

American scholar G. W. Skinner has divided China in late Qing Dynasty into nine regions for the comparative study of the development of urban properties and structure, one of the regions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is defined by the boundary of Sichuan Basin. Sichuan Basin has developed agriculture, is adjacent north to the Loess Plateau and east to the lower reaches of Yangtze River, accessible to the main economic zones in North and East China. However, since Sichuan Basin is situated inland, and surrounded by 1,000 to 3,000 meters of mountains and plateaus, it has long been regarded as a closed world. The population pattern of Sichuan in Qing Dynasty, was founded after the 'Shu chaos' in early Qing Dynasty, the government encouraged 'fill Sichuan '. Through the large-scale immigration and exploitation, the town system gradually revived. This paper first illustrates the land and geographical situation of Sichuan Basin, and make a description about the policy of immigration in Qing Dynasty; then expounds the immigrant course of Sichuan, the provincial migratory path and the spatial distribution of the immigrants, to present the tendency toward economic recovery of towns in regions, and the reconstruction of town and city system. The conclusion is to integrate the natural environment, regional differences in population development, and the rise of market economic system, to demonstration the formation and change of the town system in Sichuan Basin in Qing Dynasty.