日常中的國家——晚清民國的北京小販與城市管理

The State in Everyday Life: Peddlers and Urban Management of Beijing during the Late Qing and Republican Period

在清末新政時期，由於國家競存的需要，北京出現了以警察為核心的小販管理體制，小販受到的約束越來越多。然而，由於市民低下的消費能力、城市就業機會短缺及動盪的社會局勢，攤販經濟在管制中反而越發興旺。這兩股反向潮流的撞擊並未造成激烈衝突，而是形成了一套新的城市秩序：城市生活既有了不同於傳統的模樣，但又和西方完全不同；它以警察管理為主軸，但並未打破小販的自我管理；警察與小販間、小販與其他社會群體間，既有對抗，又保持了相對和睦。而之所以能形成這種平衡，有賴於官方在日常管理中的明智態度、小販自治的存在及社會力量的緩衝。可見，如果我們不把國家社會關係僅僅理解為一種抽象結構，而注意到它其實是具體的管理者與被管理者間的日常互動，便會看到現代國家建設並不必然是好或壞，並不必然落入「政權內卷化」或「社會規訓化」。從近代北京的小販管理上我們看到，它帶來的是束縛下的自由空間、衝突中的整體和諧，它不是宿命性的，日常生活中各方的不同選擇會產生很不一樣的後果。

During the New Policy reforms of the late Qing dynasty, a police-based peddler administration system was formed in Beijing, resulting in increasing control over peddlers. However, the peddler economy boomed under these strict controls, due to the low consumption ability of citizens, lack of job opportunities, and social unrest. These two trends were not in conflict but formed a new city order, an everyday life distinct from both the traditional pattern and that of the West. The core of the new urban order was based on police administration, while peddlers maintained a degree of self-government. Conflicts between peddlers, policemen, and other social groups were manageable. The formation of this balanced situation resulted from the authorities' wise attitude toward daily management, the existence of peddlers' self-government, and the buffering capacity of social forces. Considering the state-society relationship not as merely an abstract structure but as an interaction between supervisors and subordinates, it appears that modern state-building does not necessarily disadvantage certain groups, and the concepts of state involution and social discipline are inadequate. From the peddler management system in modern Beijing we observe that wise management could bring free space under control and manage conflicts harmoniously.