意識形態、國家利益與民族國家統合方略之糾葛——1944-1947年國民政府治理新疆政策研究

The Entanglement of Ideology, National Interests and Nation-State Integration Strategy: Official Policy toward Xinjiang, 1944-1947

1942年以降，國民政府掌握國內外局勢之演變，順勢而為，推行「收復新疆主權方略」，最終於1944年將新疆納入中央直接管轄之下。國民政府接手新疆以後，該地區原有的地緣政治圖像發生了重大變化，這不可避免地要求蘇聯重新審視和確立其對新疆的政策。隨著蘇聯對新疆政策的調整，國民政府勢必需要做出某種應對。長期以來，諸多研究對於1940年代國民政府治理新疆問題的探討，一般將該問題納入中蘇關係研究的範疇，或將其置於邊疆民族對新省當局之挑戰的視野，又抑或一意強調蘇聯對新之政策，在一定程度上遮蔽了國民政府統合新疆之舉措及實效。本文以1944年至1947年新疆地區政治之演繹作為縱橫軸，嘗試呈現此期國民政府統合新疆的一般圖像。結果顯示，面對強大而又野心勃勃且主義不同的蘇聯，因民族主義、意識形態、國家利益與外交方略之糾葛，國民政府先是因「伊寧事件」使得在新疆剛剛獲得的統治地位岌岌可危，並導致其與蘇聯交惡；隨後又有「北塔山事件」讓中蘇關係伊於胡底，以致最終失去了對新疆局勢的控制權。

Previous research on the Republican government's policy toward Xinjiang in the 1940s, has long generally framed the question in terms of the relationship between China and the Soviet Union, or frontier ethnic groups' confrontations with the Xinjiang provincial authorities, or even the Soviet Union's policy toward Xinjiang province. However, to a certain extent these frameworks neglect the official policies to integrate Xinjiang and fail to examine their concrete effects. Based on reviewing the political changes in Xinjiang from 1944 to 1947, this article offers a general picture of the Republican government's integration of Xinjiang. During this time China faced a strong and ambitious Soviet Union, which was also governed according to a different ideology, and so the two governments became entangled through nationalism, ideology, national interests, and foreign policy. They became enemies as China's position in Xinjiang was threatened by the ＂Yining incident.＂ Relations worsened even more with the ＂Baitashan incident,＂ and eventually the Republic of China lost control over Xinjiang