從哈金《落地》探討離散作家自譯作品之得與失

Gains and Losses of Auto-translation by Diaspora Writers-A Case of Ha Jin's A Good Fall

「自譯」（auto-translation）泛指作者以譯者身分將源語文本轉換成目的語文本（Target Text）的行為。由於譯者與作者身分重疊，自譯作品遭批評為「一文兩作」，不符忠實；但抱持純粹語言趨近觀者，則強調自譯是對源語的再保證。為期檢驗上述推定，本研究針對哈金英譯中作品《落地》（4 Good Fall）進行描述式研究。《落地》是哈金第一本親手譯回中文的小說，哈金作為離散作家，自承「思鄉……是一種難以壓抑的感情……由於找不到故鄉，我就把這份心緒的一部分傾注到《落地》」，說明自譯文本是審視譯者心靈得失適當的對象。本研究比對了《落地》全譯文本72個單位的「合句」、「複句」、「複合句」、「單句」，探索《落地》譯作使用策略和心理得失。研究顯示，《落地》文本確實能忠實原則，是過去論者「一文兩作」、「往往有意違反忠實原則」等說法有力之反證。而《落地》捨棄市場導向的「大漢語觀」，出之以東北話語，反映出強烈的離散作家心理補償以及譯者身分之指向，是自譯作品彌補過去在「英語的邊緣地帶，在語言和語言的空隙間」、「在字典的範圍外」寫作心理缺憾的經典案例。

Auto-translation refers to an act of code switches from source text to target text, which is but exclusively performed by writers of the source text themselves. As both the writer and the translator are assumed by the same entity, auto-translation is often speculatively taken as ＂unfaithful＂ for its being ＂two versions of one work＂ without a clear boundary between translators and writers. However, those who aspire after ＂pure language＂ philosophy in translation are adamant, arguing that auto-translation needs to be considered as reassurance of genuine meaning of those translated pieces. To falsify the above contrasted suppositions, this study took Ha's translated work A Good Fall as a descriptive form of case study. Justification of the case selection-seeking to lay bare the translator's perception of gains and losses-was made based on the fact that A Good Fall is the first novel translated by Ha in person. As Ha admitted, ＂homesickness… is unbearable… As I have no access to my birthplace, I find the emotive outlet in translating A Good Fall.＂ This paper surveyed 72 units of sentences that grammatically consist of ＂compound＂, ＂complex＂, ＂compound complex＂ and ＂simple＂ ones. Empirical evidences in the end effectively disproved critics' contentions that there might be ＂two versions of one work＂, or that auto-translation intentionally violates the principle of faithfulness. Psychologically, Ha's occasional discursive patterns betrayed his Northeast China background. His conscious distancing from the market-oriented ＂Pan Chinese＂ society also reflected his keen effort not only to rebalance his Diaspora loss, but also reveal his intention to fill in the loss via self-translation. This study in the end concluded that A Good Fall is a classic case of auto-translation, highlighting the healing effort of losses as a result of lacunae of languages that are well beyond the scopes of dictionaries.