異化、歸化與語言權力關係：米爾頓《失樂園》兩種譯本翻譯策略比較

Foreignization, Domestication, and Power Relations among Languages: Translation Strategies in Two Chinese Translations of Paradise Lost

本文先就米爾頓的基督教史詩《失樂國》兩種近代漢語翻譯版本進行翻譯策略比較與分析，再就英語與漢語的不對稱權力關係的情境下討論異化與歸化翻譯的政治能效。首先概述米爾頓詩作在近代漢譯的歷史，並簡要說明選擇楊耐冬與朱維之譯本的原因。另外，作者也將討論依塔瑪．埃文佐哈爾（Itamar Even-Zohar）的多元系統論（polysystem）與勞倫斯．韋努蒂（Lawrence Vemuti）的歸化與異化概念。在翻譯美學策略上，楊氏偏好重新組織原作，在體裁與語言架構上更貼近漢語讀者，而朱氏在譯作的文體與句法上力求與原作相近。在處理譯文的文化內涵上，楊氏偏好將原詩其中的基督教用語與英語文學元素轉換為漢語語符與對等元素，反觀朱氏則盡力保留原詩其中的神學用語與文學元素。本文列舉數個關鍵或較為繁複的詩行，如第一卷的開頭與第五卷中上帝召集天使的段落，以應證兩位譯者採用迴異的翻譯策略：楊的譯文體現了歸化的策略，而朱的譯體則偏向異化的策略。本文一併探討兩位分別來自中國大陸與臺灣的譯者在譯作中的差異是否亦映射文化體系的影響。若將英語與漢語間的不對等權力關係納入考慮比較兩種翻譯策略，也許楊氏的策略更能有效處理弱勢文化在翻譯外來作品所面對的問題。近年在中外學界對米爾頓在近代漢語世界的導入逐漸重視，但對於米爾頓漢語譯作及其文化意涵鮮少有較完整的探討，而這正是本文所著墨之處。

This article aims to compare and analyze the translation strategies adopted by two translators respectively from Taiwan and China and ends with a reflection on the political implications of foreignization and domestication when English as an overpowering language is translated into Chinese. I start with a brief sketch of the translation of Paradise Lost in the Chinese world and a summary of the background of the two translators, Yang Nei-dong and Zhu Wei-zhi. Itamar Even-Zohar's polysystem theory and Lawrence Venuti's concepts of domestication and foreignization form the theoretical framework of my comparative analysis of Yang and Zhu's translation. I discover Yang has the tendency to replace the linguistic structure and ethical and cultural elements of the original text with the Chinese near-equivalents and thus demonstrates a domesticating orientation while Zhu exemplifies a foreignizing tendency to transplant the Christian and literary elements in the translated text. However, here lies a fundamental difference between the case in this article and the case in Venuti's study. Chinese translators, unlike their English counterparts, must deal with the asymmetrical power relations between the Chinese language and the English language, so domestication, rather than foreignization, can be an efficacious strategy for the translators of peripheral language and culture to reverse the flow of cultural capital.