俄國文學污言穢語的翻譯—以法捷耶夫「毀滅」的中文翻譯及其日文翻譯為例

Translation of Swear Words in Russian Literature: Using the Chinese and Japanese translations of Fadeyev's Razgrom/The Rout (Разгром) as examples

本文旨在以亞歷山大·法捷耶夫（1901-1956）的小說《毀滅》（Разгром）為例，分析其中文和日文譯本中俄語髒話的翻譯。

俄語以髒話眾多聞名。這與俄羅斯文化中獨有的、被稱為「mat」（мат）的深厚髒話文化密切相關。 「mat」詞彙豐富且帶有禁忌色彩，由幾個基本字根（與性和生殖相關）衍生出無數詞彙，甚至擁有獨特的語法體系。在日常生活中，許多人都會廣泛使用“mat”，但在文學作品中，經常用刪節號（…）進行審查。

從清末到中華民國時期，眾多華人作家和翻譯家透過日文重譯的方式將俄羅斯文學引入中國。作家魯迅（1881-1936）就是其中之一。他以蔵原惟人的日文譯本為參考，將法捷耶夫的《毀滅》翻譯成中文。

俄語侮辱性詞彙的特徵是直接使用性暗示和身體部位相關的詞彙。漢語中也有許多侮辱性詞彙，其中許多都與辱罵受害者的家人有關。日語侮辱性詞彙則主要集中於指出“愚蠢”、“討厭”、“不潔”和“與眾不同”，而非直接使用性暗示或宗教禁忌。由本研究得知，這三種語言之間的等價翻譯，更重要的不在於詞彙，而是在於意義。

蘇聯政府設立一個名為「文學與新聞總局」（Главлит, Glavlit, 1922-1991）的審查機構，成為控制文學作品的主要手段。本文也將提及該機構如何刪除作品中的污言穢語。

 

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the translations of Chinese and Japanese versions of the Russian swear words in Alexander Fadeev’s (1901-1956) novel Razgrom/The Rout (Разгром), using the original Russian text as a point of refrence.

Russian is known as a language with a large number of swear words. This is closely linked to the profound culture of swear words called "mat" (Russian мат), which is unique to Russian culture. "Mat" is a very powerful and taboo vocabulary group, from which countless derived words are created from a few basic roots (related to sex and reproduction), and it even has its own unique grammatical system.

From the late Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, numerous Chinese writers and translators introduced Russian literature to China through re-translations from Japanese. The writer Lu Xun (1881-1936) was one such person. He translated Fadeyev’s "The Rout" originally translated into Japanese by Kurahara Korehito, into Chinese, using that as a reference.

Russian swear words are overwhelmingly characterized by their direct use of sexual and anatomical elements. Chinese has a wide variety of swear words, many of which relate to insulting the other person’s family. Japanese swear words, rather than direct sexual expressions or religious taboos, mainly focus on pointing out "stupidity," "nuisance," "uncleanliness," and "differentness." It’s important to note that each type of swear words has a distinct character. This study revealed that equivalent translation between these three languages is of greater significance, not so much in terms of vocabulary, but rather in terms of meaning.

The Soviet government established the "General Directorate for Literature and Press," (Главлит, Glavlit, 1922-1991）a censorship agency that became the primary means of controlling literature. This paper will also touch upon the fact that profanity was subject to regulation by this agency and removed from works.