Vaccines are essential tools for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and providing therapeutic insights into immune disorders. In nucleic acid vaccines, which are characterized by rapid mass production, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are used as carriers to enhance the vaccines’ delivery efficiency and stability. LNPs comprise cholesterol, phospholipids, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lipids, and other ionizable cationic lipids, which all play a crucial role in a vaccine’s efficacy. Despite their effectiveness, messenger RNA vaccines face challenges such as cold chain storage and allergy risks. Therefore, further advancements in nucleic acid vaccines should focus on improving their safety and convenience. First, vaccine formulations should be optimized by adjusting the composition of the excipient to reduce the required dosage while enhancing immune response. During the design process, new components must be carefully evaluated in clinical trials. Second, alternative administration routes, such as nasal sprays, should be developed to increase vaccines’ accessibility and encourage the public to receive vaccinations. Overall, advancements in LNP delivery are expected to enhance the development of nucleic acid-based vaccines and therapeutic agents, which can in turn contribute to global disease prevention and the biotechnology industry.
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