【預刊】（38卷）自由主義的挑戰與宿命：論Friedrich Naumann對德國自由傳統的重構

The Challenges and Destiny of Liberalism: On Friedrich Naumann’s Reconstruction of the German Liberal Tradition

自由主義者Friedrich Naumann（1860-1919），是德國面對劇烈的民族主義與社會主義思潮時，一位極具時代意義的思想家。其自由主義論述，與德國歷史脈絡密不可分；在理論層面上，則對康德、盧梭之主張提出了批判。其理論目標，在於發展出一套建立「自由的民族」以及捍衛「精神與生命」的自由主義。本文透過哈伯瑪斯之理論，指出Naumann理論之意涵，亦即在一個自由主義根基尚不穩固的國家之中，透過積極的政治行動，讓自由成為政治共識，實乃必要之事。但在透過政治行動形塑自由主義價值觀之時，如何避免對個人自由造成傷害，則是自由主義最大的挑戰與宿命。

Friedrich Naumann (1860-1919), a German liberalist, was a prominent thinker during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His liberal discourse is deeply intertwined with the historical context of Germany, while, at a theoretical level, he critiqued the ideas of Kant and Rousseau. Naumann’s primary theoretical goal was to develop a form of liberalism that established a “free nation” and safeguarded the “spirit and life.” Using Habermas’s theoretical framework, this article highlights the significance of Naumann’s ideas: in a country where the foundations of liberalism remain unstable, achieving freedom as a political consensus requires proactive political action. However, the greatest challenge, and the fate of liberalism, is to ensure that individual freedoms are not compromised promoting liberal values through political action.