Little research explores the effects of external and internal factors on teacher professional development and teaching effectiveness. Based on the marketing-oriented perspective, this study regards teachers as internal customers in school organizations. This study integrates internal marketing strategies as external factors and teaching beliefs as internal factors to explore the relationships between internal marketing, teaching belief, teachers’ professional development, and teaching effectiveness. This study employs a quantitative survey method to collect data from 332 teachers in junior high schools. The data analysis method is structural equation modelling. The results indicate that internal marketing and teaching belief have significantly positive influences on teaching effectiveness. Professional development has a significantly positive influence on teaching effectiveness. The mediating role of professional development is further demonstrated in the relationships between internal marketing, teaching belief, and teaching effectiveness. This study provides specific suggestions to educational organizations and future research.