正義之人的培育－柏拉圖《國家篇》教育思想評述   全文下載

Educating the Just Man: Plato's Theory of Education in The Republic

本研究就希臘哲人柏拉圖《國家篇》中對於培育正義之人的教育思想加以探討與評析。柏拉圖將正義之人定調為二：一是就社會分工而言，能夠各司其職、各守其分的人；二是就個人的人格養成而言，使身心靈保持和諧之人。國家教育的目的與功能即致力於培養這兩層意義上的正義之人。一方面使個人處於智慧、勇敢與節制三合一的和諧狀態；二方面亦要使國家的分工結構同樣呈現智慧、勇敢、節制三合一的安排，並讓每個人能認識自己、安於自己的本分。其特點在於強調音樂與體育對人格養成的重要，基礎教育與高階教育各有其著重的面向，同時對拔擢人才不分男女的公平思想。其構想的可行性雖然有諸多商榷之處，但理想性卻依然有參考的價值。

The purpose of this paper is to review Plato's idea of the just man and the education system in The Republic. The just man is defined in two ways. First, social justice is defined as 'doing one's own part', i.e. 'everyone must perform that function within the city state for which he is naturally best suited. Secondly, personal justice is defined as 'harmonizing one's soul', i.e. the 'three parts of the soul (logos or the logical thinking of philosopher-kings, thumos or the will of soldiers, epithumos or the desires of the common people) are harmonized, put in a harmonious order.' The aims of education in the state are therefore to cultivate everyone to harmonize himself/herself so that he/she may perform his/her proper social function to the optimal degree. Music and physical education play very important roles here. Those who are suited to rule the state shall learn more by attending higher level of education. It is deemed fair that women be educated in the same way as men and assigned to proper social positions. Although it would be difficult to put Plato's ideal into practice nowadays, his idea of justice as individual and social harmony continues to inspire us.