既設長照機構火災風險因子之評估

Evaluation of Fire Risk Factors in Long-Term Care Institutions

隨著臺灣高齡化社會快速發展，長期照顧機構之火災安全問題日益受到重視。長照機構收容對象多屬高齡、行動不便或認知功能退化之避難弱勢族群，一旦發生火災，容易因避難困難而造成重大傷亡。近年國內外多起長照機構火災事件顯示，即使現行法規已針對建築防火、消防設備及照護人力等事項有所規範，仍難完全避免重大災害發生。爰此，本研究以既設長照機構為研究對象，探討其火災風險因子之重要性與優先順序，作為未來風險導向管理與消防安全改善之參考。
本研究採用文獻分析法、模糊德爾菲法（Fuzzy Delphi Method，FDM）及層級分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP）進行研究。首先透過文獻回顧建立長照機構火災風險評估架構，並邀集中央與地方消防機關專家學者進行模糊德爾菲問卷調查，以篩選重要風險指標；再透過AHP分析各構面與指標之相對權重。研究結果顯示，「場所自助」構面權重（76.56%）明顯高於「消防公助」（23.43%），顯示長照機構本身之應變能力對火災風險控制具有關鍵影響。
在各評估項目中，「場所人員特性及應變能力」權重最高（32.47%），其次依序為「消防安全設備」（26.33%）及「建築結構」（17.74%）。整體風險因子分析結果顯示，「場所人員應變情形」（15.83%）、「消防救災可及性」（10.80%）及「自動撒水設備」（9.92%）為最重要之風險因子。研究指出，長照機構火災安全不僅取決於硬體消防設備，更與場所人員之防火管理、夜間人力配置及初期應變能力密切相關。
本研究建議，未來長照機構火災風險管理應優先強化場所自主防災能力，包括提升人員教育訓練、完善夜間照護與應變機制、強化防火管理制度及改善消防設備功能，同時兼顧建築防火區劃與救災可及性，以提升長照機構整體防災韌性與人命安全。

With the rapid advancement of population aging in Taiwan, fire safety issues in long-term care institutions have become increasingly important. Residents in long-term care facilities are primarily elderly individuals with limited mobility or cognitive impairment, making them highly vulnerable during fire emergencies. Recent domestic and international fire incidents in long-term care institutions have demonstrated that, despite existing regulations on building fire protection, fire safety equipment, and staffing requirements, catastrophic casualties may still occur. Therefore, this study investigates the fire risk factors of existing long-term care institutions and explores their relative importance and priority as references for future risk-oriented management and fire safety improvement strategies.
This study adopted literature review, the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the primary research methods. First, a fire risk assessment framework for long-term care institutions was established through literature analysis. Experts and scholars from both central and local fire agencies were then invited to participate in the FDM survey to identify and screen key fire risk indicators. Subsequently, AHP was applied to determine the relative weights of each dimension and indicator. The results revealed that the dimension of“self-protection capability of the facility”(76.56%) was significantly more important than“public fire rescue support”(23.43%), indicating that the internal response capability of long-term care institutions plays a critical role in fire risk management.
Among the evaluated categories,“personnel characteristics and emergency response capability”ranked highest (32.47%), followed by“fire safety equipment”(26.33%) and“building structure”(17.74%). The overall analysis of fire risk factors showed that“staff emergency response capability”(15.83%),“fire rescue accessibility”(10.80%), and“automatic sprinkler systems”(9.92%) were the most critical factors. The findings indicate that fire safety in long-term care institutions depends not only on fire protection systems and equipment but also heavily on fire safety management, nighttime staffing, and the emergency response capability of on-site personnel.
This study suggests that future fire risk management in long-term care institutions should prioritize strengthening self-protection capabilities, including improving personnel training, enhancing nighttime emergency response mechanisms, reinforcing fire safety management systems, and upgrading fire protection equipment. In addition, building compartmentation and rescue accessibility should also be improved to enhance overall disaster resilience and life safety in long-term care institutions.