簡析國際法院2025年氣候變遷諮詢意見關於「對世義務」之未來訴訟策略──以環境人權保障義務為中心

A Brief Analysis of Future Lawsuit Strategies for Obligations Erga Omnes from the ICJ 2025 Climate Change Advisory Opinion: A Study of Environmental Human Rights Protection Obligations

國際法院於2025年7月23日公布「國家在氣候變遷下的義務諮詢意見」，為一項劃世代的司法決定，不僅釐清了國家在國際環境法與氣候法、國際海洋法、國際人權法與國際習慣法下應對氣候變遷的若干義務，還認定主要為因應氣候變遷的UNFCCC、《巴黎協定》以及國際習慣法下的防止人為溫室氣體造成嚴重跨境損害具備「對全體締約方之義務」（obligations erga omnes partes）與「對世義務」（obligations erga omnes）之效力，成為未來國際訴訟上重要的主張依據。然而，在肯認「對世義務」的同時，法院僅表示有觀察到許多諮詢意見程序參與者對於氣候人權「對世義務」之主張，卻並未採納此一見解，使法院對國際人權法的闡述被認為過於保守。本文以上述新發展為契機，分析習慣法認定與條約解釋之未來訴訟主張，為倡議氣候人權的開發中國家找尋新一輪全球氣候法律行動之策略。

The ICJ delivered the Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change Advisory Opinion on June 23, 2025, as a milestone judicial decision. It not only clarified the certain obligations of the states to combat climate change under the International Environmental and Climate Change Law, the Law of the Seas, Human Rights Law and Customary International Law, but also indicates that the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement and the obligation to prevent significant transboundary harm form the custom have the effect of obligations erga omnes partes and obligations erga omnes, which will become the main argument in the future lawsuits. However, while the ICJ recognized the exitance of the Obligations erga omnes, it only observed that many of the advisory opinion participants claimed that the environmental human rights have the effect of Obligations erga omnes instead of upholding their arguments, which has been seen as a conservative prospective. This paper uses this new development as an opportunity, analyses the possibilities of future lawsuits from the identification of the customs and the interpretation of the treaties. The purpose of this paper is to find out the strategies for the new round of global climate legal actions from developing countries.