我國勞動力老化趨勢下小農果園作業安全之系統性風險分析與4E整合防護模式

Risk Analysis and 4E Integrated Protection Model for Smallholder Orchard Safety under an Aging Workforce Trend in Taiwan

我國農業面臨勞動力老化與小農經營之雙重挑戰，果農作業安全問題尤為嚴峻。本研究旨在探討勞動力老化趨勢下，果園危害背後的系統性成因。研究採質性研究法，對全臺5縣市14處代表性果園進行深度訪談與參與式觀察，並以「人－機－環系統模型」進行分析。為釐清老化影響，本研究將受訪者區分為「青壯年（< 45歲）」、「中高齡（45–65歲）」與「高齡工作者（> 65歲）」。
研究發現，果園安全風險源於3大交互作用因子：1.人員因素：高齡組受訪者隨生理機能退化導致代償反應減弱、資深農民因長期作業產生「風險常態化」心理，以及小農經濟下受限於接近退休之「剩餘職涯效應」，導致其對安全改善之投資意願極低；2.機具因素：缺乏本質安全設計、因無繼承者導致機具「代際閒置」與老舊失修，以及為作業便利而進行不當改裝；3.環境因素：無專業設計的電氣系統，農地規模小、不平整地面及坡地等使得場域存在潛在風險。本研究揭示，「成本－安全權衡」是受老化職涯結構制約的深層結構性障礙。據此，本研究建構整合教育（Education）、工程（Engineering）、驗證與法制（Enforcement）及經濟激勵（Economy incentive）之「4E整合防護模式」，並明確建議建置農機具安全驗證制度，以補強老化生理造成之風險缺失，提升我國果園作業安全。

Taiwanese agriculture faces dual challenges stemming from an aging workforce and smallholder farm management, making orchard operational safety a critical concern. This study investigates the systemic factors underlying orchard hazards within the context of demographic aging trends. Employing a qualitative research methodology, we conducted in-depth interviews and participatory observations at 14 representative orchards across five counties in Taiwan. We analyzed the data using the ''Man-Machine-Environment System Model'' framework. To elucidate age-related impacts, participants were stratified into three cohorts: ''Younger Group (<45 years),'' ''Middle-aged Group (45–65 years),'' and ''Elderly Group (>65 years).''
Findings indicate that orchard safety risks emerge from the dynamic interaction of three principal factors: 1. Human Factors: Physiological deterioration among aging cohorts results in diminished compensatory responses; experienced farmers exhibit psychological ''risk normalization'' attributed to prolonged operational routines; and the ''residual career effect'' inherent in the smallholder model—wherein farmers approaching retirement demonstrate limited incentive for long-term capital investment—yields significantly reduced willingness to invest in safety enhancements. 2. Machine Factors: Absence of intrinsic safety design features, equipment degradation resulting from ''intergenerational idling'' due to succession gaps, and inappropriate modifications undertaken for operational expediency. 3. Environmental Factors: Deficiency in professionally engineered electrical systems, compounded by inherent field hazards including fragmented plot sizes, irregular terrain, and slope gradients. This study reveals that the ''cost-safety trade-off'' constitutes a profound structural barrier constrained by the aging career trajectory. Consequently, we propose a ''4E Integrated Protection Model'' encompassing Education, Engineering, Enforcement (Certification and Legislation), and Economic incentives. Specifically, we recommend establishing a mandatory safety certification system for agricultural machinery to mitigate risks associated with physiological aging and substantially enhance orchard workplace safety in Taiwan.