十六國時期大成政權的皇權──以族群文化為中心的考察

Imperial Power of the Dacheng Regime in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period: An Investigation Centered on Ethnic Culture

十六國時期的成漢政權在學界的一般認識中，是由流民集團建立的，且在政治制度與文化方面具有濃厚的漢化色彩。故即使多數學者意識到統治者是來自華南的賨人，仍認為族群因素對成漢政權沒有顯著影響。然而，本文探討前期的大成政權建立與發展過程，發現在流民集團與西晉政權的衝突間，分散的流民集團領導權逐漸集中於賨人李氏家族手中。這不僅使得流民集團呈現出階層性，也使其領導層逐漸帶有賨人分權的族群色彩。至大成政權建立後，皇權在政權的運作中同樣表現出分權的傾向，政治決策權和軍事指揮權由李氏家族成員、甚至包括其他賨人共同享有。這種分權的傾向也影響皇位繼承，使其未嚴格依循直系父子繼承的原則，反而出現多次讓位行為；這同時阻礙官僚組織和皇帝權威的建立。因此，儘管大成政權繼承漢晉以來的政治制度，但其權力運作卻受到賨人分權政治模式的影響。此外，大成政權統治下的宗室雖握有兵權，並造成政權後期兩次的政變，但相比同時期的漢趙政權，成漢政權的賨人部族已逐漸消散，統治者亦未刻意彰顯賨人的光榮歷史，因而限制了政爭的規模，反而使大成政權得以在紛亂的時局中維持相對穩固的發展。

In general scholarship, the Cheng-Han regime of the Sixteen Kingdoms period is understood as having been established by displaced populations and as exhibiting strong Sinicized political and cultural characteristics. Although it is widely recognized that its rulers were Cong people from South China, ethnic factors are often regarded as having played only a limited role. This paper reexamines the early formation and development of the regime and argues that, through conflicts between displaced groups and the Western Jin, leadership gradually became concentrated in the Cong Li family. This process not only produced internal stratification but also imparted a distinct ethnic character to the ruling elite.
After the establishment of the regime, imperial authority displayed a marked tendency toward decentralization: political decision-making and military command were shared among members of the Li family and other Cong elites. This pattern also shaped succession practices, which did not follow strict father-to-son inheritance and included multiple instances of abdication, thereby hindering the consolidation of bureaucratic structures and imperial authority.
Thus, although the Cheng-Han regime formally inherited Han-Jin institutional models, its actual operation of power was shaped by a decentralized political structure rooted in Cong traditions. While the empowerment of the imperial clan contributed to two coups in the later period, the gradual dispersal of Cong tribal identity and the absence of strong ethnic historical claims limited the scale of political conflict, allowing the regime to maintain relative stability amid the broader turbulence of the age.