從馬歇爾計畫到永續發展目標：全球政府開發援助（ODA）典範轉移的制度演進與反思

From the Marshall Plan to the Sustainable Development Goals: Institutional Evolution and Reflections on the Paradigm Shifts of Global Official Development Assistance (ODA)

本文探討二戰後全球政府開發援助（Official Development Assistance，ODA）在過去70年間的制度演進、理論架構與典範轉移。全文將其歷史發展歸納為四個階段：從1950至1960年代聚焦戰後重建與現代化理論的「資本與基建典範」；1980年代受新自由主義影響，結合市場改革與結構調整的「經濟治理典範」；1990年代冷戰結束後，強調良善治理、人權與人類實質自由的「全球治理典範」；以及21世紀融入全球風險、跨國夥伴關係的「永續發展典範」。典範轉移反映了國際政治經濟結構的變遷，但舊典範並未完全消失。外援始終是外交利益、安全戰略與國內政治交互作用的產物，呈現「制度演進與權力延續並存」的特徵。近年隨著全球南方崛起、美中地緣政治角力，以及美國政府對多邊主義的退縮與外援政策的重組，既有的自由國際秩序面臨重整，全球ODA正處於新一輪典範轉變的關鍵變數中。

This paper explores the institutional evolution and paradigm shifts of global Official Development Assistance (ODA) over the post-WWII era across four historical stages: the 1950s–1960s ''Capital and Infrastructure Paradigm'' centered on modernization; the 1980s ''Economic Governance Paradigm'' driven by neoliberal structural adjustment; the 1990s post-Cold War ''Global Governance Paradigm'' emphasizing good governance and human rights; and the 21st-century ''Sustainable Development Paradigm'' integrating global risks.
While reflecting international political-economic shifts, legacy paradigms endure. Foreign aid remains an interplay of diplomatic interests, security strategies, and domestic politics, coexisting as institutional evolution and power continuity. Recently, driven by the rise of the Global South, US-China rivalry, and the US retreat from multilateralism amid foreign aid restructuring, the liberal international order faces realignment. Consequently, global ODA stands at a critical juncture, portending a new wave of paradigm transformation.