捷克大選與政黨政治發展──民主化及其困境

Czech Elections and the Development of Party Politics: Democratization and Its Dilemmas

捷克1989年民主化至今已歷30餘年，期間不斷舉辦各種類型的民主選舉，其中以國會大選最為重要，決定政府的組成、政治資源的分配及政黨政治的輪替。一直到2010年代的捷克大選，仍可以見到共產黨與社會民主黨擁有國會大量席位的情況。出生於斯洛伐克的大商人安德烈・巴比斯在2011年組織新政黨「不滿公民行動黨」／是的2011黨」，在2017年贏得大選、與社會民主黨合組聯合內閣。巴比斯的新黨屬性為中間偏右，主張與歐盟維持距離國家利益為先，採取民粹主義、包括減稅及加薪等，並控制媒體宣傳政黨意識形態。在最近的3屆大選，「是的2011黨」一直獲得最多席位。捷克在後共時期的轉型社會變遷中，逐漸遠離共產政權的負面遺緒，一些政黨乃採取務實的本國利益作為政治選舉參與的合理選擇。本文想透過捷克近年來國會大選的演變，來探討捷克政黨政治從左右意識形態之爭，到如今中間偏右政黨如何以國族本體競爭政治資源。顯然地，民粹主義的中間偏右政黨在媒體宣傳上遠勝於傳統中間偏右的公民民主黨。

In the three parliamentary elections from 2017 to 2025, the ''ANO 2011'' consistently won the most seats in parliament. However, the results of the 2021 and 2025 elections showed that neither the center-left Social Democratic Party nor the Communist Party could surpass the electoral threshold. Does this signify that the Czech Republic, in its more than three decades of democratization, has formally bid farewell to its communist past? This question warrants observation. In the post-communist era of social transformation, the Czech Republic has gradually distanced itself from the negative legacy of communism, with some parties adopting pragmatic national interests as a rational choice for political participation. This article aims to explore the evolution of Czech party politics in recent years, examining how party politics has shifted from a left-right ideological struggle to how center-right parties now compete for political resources based on national identity. Clearly, populist center-right parties have far surpassed the traditional center-right Civic Democratic Party in media propaganda.