捷克的國家認同

National Identity of Czech

本文的主要經由檢視捷克的歷史發展，探究其民族主義的重要元素與國家認同建構的歷程，並以認同理論提供的脈絡基礎，討論捷克國家認同的重要動力和議題。捷克的國家認同和集體記憶是在數百年外來統治中萌芽，在19世紀文化民族主義中壯大，強調語言、文化與領土的連結。在20世紀兩次建國與分離、以及共產統治和非暴力民主革命的過程中持續形塑。1918年捷克斯洛伐克共和國成立後，認同融入國家框架，試圖融合捷克與斯洛伐克民族，卻因第二次世界大戰期間斯洛伐克獨立及1968年聯邦化而弱化。1993年的分離標誌著捷克認同的轉折點，並促使認同從憲政基礎轉向更強的民族文化基礎。捷克認同的特性展現在堅固的國家認同、對歐洲整合的實用主義態度（歐洲懷疑論）、以及透過藝術、歷史教育和社會對話來傳承和重構歷史記憶，確保其民族精神與國家利益的核心地位。特別是視語言、宗教、祖先以及在該土地上的出生密切相關。捷克國家認同與政治認同互相編織，捷克民族主義中還存有捷克斯洛伐克主義的遺緒，表現出民族認同並非單一面向，而是多元且流動的認同。

This article examines the historical development of the Czech Republic to explore the key elements of its nationalism and the process of constructing national identity. It uses the context provided by identity theory to discuss the significant forces and issues surrounding Czech national identity, which began to emerge under centuries of foreign rule and grew stronger during the 19th-century cultural nationalism, emphasizing the connection between language, culture, and territory. Throughout the 20^(th) century, during two instances of state formation and separation, as well as under communist rule and through non-violent democratic revolutions, it continued to evolve. After the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, identity was integrated into the national framework, attempting to merge Czech and Slovak nationalities, but was weakened by Slovak independence during World War II and federalization in 1968. The separation in 1993 marked a turning point for Czech identity, prompting a shift from a constitutional basis to a stronger ethnic and cultural foundation. The characteristics of Czech identity are reflected in a solid national identity, a pragmatic attitude towards European integration (Euroscepticism), and the transmission and reconstruction of historical memory through art, historical education, and social dialogue, ensuring the core position of its national spirit and interests. Language, religion, ancestry, and birth on this land are particularly closely related. Czech national identity is interwoven with political identity, and remnants of Czechoslovakism still exist within Czech nationalism, demonstrating that national identity is not a single dimension but a diverse and fluid identity.