公共行政與事務領域畢業生「教育與職業不相稱」的心理感受與實際影響

Perceptions and Impacts of Education-Occupation Mismatch among Graduates of Public Administration and Affairs

公共行政與事務常被誤解為是要從政或當公務員才要念的科系，甚至有人認為所學過於廣泛，畢業後容易面臨教育與職業不相稱的情況（過度教育或學用落差）。相關文獻也指出，過度教育及學用落差容易導致低薪、工作滿意度低以及工作變動頻繁等問題。然而既有文獻尚未回答的問題是：在公事領域中，畢業生主觀上認為自己落入過度教育或學用落差困境的程度有多高？前述感受又對工作有關的結果造成什麼影響？本研究以臺灣2015學年入學之公事相關科系大學畢業生為對象，透過三波固定樣本追蹤調查資料的分析，嘗試瞭解公事領域畢業生過度教育及學用落差的感受程度，以及此一心理感受與薪資級距、工作滿意度及在職求職傾向間的關係，並探究前述關係是否會隨工作時間的累積而產生改變。研究結果顯示，約有3成左右的受訪者存在教育與職業不相稱的心理感受；過度教育的影響主要展現在薪資級距上，學用落差的影響則體現於工作滿意度及在職求職傾向上。不論是過度教育還是學用落差帶來的不利影響，至少在畢業後四年半的時間內，都沒有明顯的改變。

Public administration and affairs (PA) is often misunderstood as a field of study only relevant for those pursuing political or public service careers. Some argue that PA covers topics that are too broad and lack specialization, making its graduates more likely to face the challenge of education-occupation mismatch, such as overeducation or a mismatch between their education and their jobs. Prior research suggests that such mismatch tends to result in lower wages, reduced job satisfaction, and more frequent job changes. This study employs three-wave panel data of graduates in Taiwan who enrolled in PA programs during the 2015 academic year to address the following questions: To what extent do PA graduates perceive themselves as overeducated or experiencing job mismatch? Are these perceptions associated with wage penalties, lower job satisfaction, and a higher intention to seek new employment? Do these relationships change over time? Our findings indicate that about one-third of the respondents perceive themselves as overeducated or experiencing job mismatch. Moreover, the impact of overeducation is primarily associated with lower salaries, while perceptions of job mismatch are linked to lower job satisfaction and a higher intention to seek new employment. Lastly, the adverse effects of both overeducation and job mismatch tend to persist for at least four and a half years after graduation.