《皇清職貢圖》所見清朝對回疆地區的認知與書寫

Representations of the Qing Dynasty Towards Southern Xinjiang as Evidenced by the Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples

《皇清職貢圖》中有「安西廳哈密」、「肅州金塔寺魯古慶」、「烏什、庫車、阿克蘇等城」三組圖涉及回疆地區。由於哈密和吐魯番歸屬清朝較早，被清朝視作內地，相關畫片一度被劃入陝甘部分。法藏本《皇清職貢圖》中存在「𤞑」、「回」混用現象，可動態體現清朝統一西域過程中對待回人態度的轉變。由於編纂人員對哈密與安西的歷史關係認知不足，導致「安西廳哈密」一圖滿文標題出現重大錯誤，所指群體出現矛盾。清朝統一西域過程中，大小和卓占據喀什噶爾、葉爾羌，負隅頑抗，加之兩地與喀喇沙爾缺乏對清朝的職貢歷史，被排除出《皇清職貢圖》，反映出清朝對回疆各地與其歷史關係和認知的具象呈現。

The Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples皇清職貢圖features three illustrations related to the Southern Xinjiang:“Hami of Anxi Prefecture”安西廳哈密,“Jintasi and Luguqing of Suzhou”肅州金塔寺魯古慶, and“The Cities of Ushi, Kucha, Aksu, and Others”烏什、庫車、阿克蘇等城. As Hami and Turfan came under Qing dynasty control relatively early and were thus regarded as part of the interior, their illustrations were initially categorized under the Shaanxi-Gansu section. In the edition of the Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF), the mixed usage of hui𤞑and hui回reflects the Qing’s evolving attitudes towards Muslim peoples during the unification of the Western Regions. The compilers’insufficient understanding of the historical relationship between Hami and Anxi led to a significant error in the Manchu title of the“Hami of Anxi Prefecture”illustration, creating contradictions in the depiction of the associated groups. During the Qing conquest of the Western Regions, the persistent resistance of the Khwāja-i Jahān and Burhān al-Dīn in Kashgar and Yarkand, along with the lack of historical tribute relations between Kashgar, Yarkand, Qarashahr, and the Qing dynasty, resulted in their deliberate exclusion from the Qing Illustrations of Tributary Peoples. This omission highlights the Qing’s selective perception and representation of its relationship with various parts of the Southern Xinjiang.