兵屯與更番──1680年代的臺灣駐軍議論

The Rotating Soldier System and Settlement: Debates on the Qing Dynasty Garrison System in Taiwan in the 1680s

臺灣在十七世紀晚期的康熙年間，首度被納編為政權主體在歐亞大陸東部的中華帝國。清領之初面對此一入關後曾長期征戰、具活潑商貿活動之海洋島嶼，在納編版圖、治理經營上曾有諸多的議論，環繞在駐軍政策的「班兵制度」，即為其中的重要課題之一。關於清初在臺施行特殊的「班兵制度」之緣由，目前一般的說法大都認為：清廷為了有效管控臺灣治安必須在臺駐兵，卻又懼怕駐軍在臺據地為王，因此規定不准任用在地土著，而是從福建內地各營抽調部分兵員組成，且「三年更替，謂之班兵」；論及「班兵制度」之創建起源時，則常引用施琅的〈恭陳臺灣棄留疏〉，明白主張或隱約暗示班兵乃是出自施琅的構想。然而，施琅的駐軍主張其實是與強調兵丁定期輪調的「班兵」正好相反的屯墾制度。
本文將利用近年來重刊的清初史料，將班兵與屯田等議論並置，重回十七世紀晚期的整體時空環境，關注駐軍政策和臺灣土地資源爭奪之關聯。我們有興趣的課題，與其說是朝廷的治臺構想或班兵制度的具體施行年代及內容，倒不如說是地方社會在政權轉換之際的狀況，以及站在第一線必須面對社會、承擔治理之責的臺灣地方文武官員之立場和想法，對於清廷駐軍政策和未來臺灣社會形成與發展之影響。

In the late seventeenth century during the Kangxi reign (r. 1661-1722) of the Qing dynasty, Taiwan was annexed into the Chinese Empire, whose territory primarily lied in eastern Eurasia, for the first time in history. During the early Qing, extensive discussions were held regarding the annexation and governance of the island then characterized by booming commercial activities and over which a campaign had been conducted ever since the Qing had gained control of China, with a central topic being the“rotating soldier system”班兵制度within military policies. Regarding the reasons for implementing the specific system in Taiwan, it is generally believed that, while the Qing government dispatched soldiers to Taiwan for effective control of the island, they were also concerned that the forces might declare independence. Therefore, local residents were not allowed to join; instead, soldiers from barracks in Fujian were transferred to Taiwan for three-year postings. When discussing the origin of the rotating soldier system, Shi Lang’s施琅(1621-1696)“Gongchen Taiwan qi liu shu”恭陳臺灣棄留疏(“On Annexing or Abandoning Taiwan”) is often quoted, and it is argued—or implied—that rotation was Shi Lang’s idea. However, rather than proposing a system that highlighted regular rotating postings, he advocated a troop settlement mechanism to allow soldiers to settle in Taiwan.
This study, based on historical documents republished in recent years, examines the topics of rotating soldiers and of settlement, namely the“military-agriculture land system”屯田, in the general spatio-temporal contexts of the late seventeenth century to investigate the relations between military policies and the competition over land resources in Taiwan. Instead of expounding the central government’s conceived plan of governing Taiwan or the specific year and contents of the rotating soldier system, we are interested in exploring the local social situation during the transition of political regimes, the positions and viewpoints of local officials who stood at the frontline to face the public and conduct social governance, as well as the impacts of such positions and perspectives on the Qing government’s policies regarding their forces and the future development of Taiwanese society.