漢初中尉考──以張家山336號墓〈功令〉為中心

A Study of the Commandant of Capital in Early Han China: Evidence from the“Ordinances on Merit”功令from Tomb 336 at Zhangjiashan

秦漢官制史的研究，長期以來深受《漢書》〈百官公卿表〉與《續漢書》〈百官志〉所建構之框架影響。在此框架下，學者多強調漢代中尉宿衛京師的職能，或將其作為「三公九卿」之一加以討論。最近公布之張家山336號墓出土〈功令〉，為探討中尉職掌及其於秦漢之際之發展，提供了新的視角。本文指出，本屬武職的中尉，不僅負責選擇罷歸軍吏，供御史大夫與丞相任命之用，亦有權自內史或旁郡屬縣調補佐史於中都官任職，為傳世文獻所未載。然而，漢初中尉之人事權並不完整，其對軍吏無任命之權，調補權亦僅限於佐史一級。考慮漢初多以功臣或其後代出任中尉，此職的制度設計當與其時局勢密切相關。再結合地方上的郡尉、縣尉來看，中央和地方各級尉官均享有一定程度的人事權，頗能反映漢初政府為應對軍事威脅而採取的措施。

The study of Qin and Han institutional history has long been shaped by the framework established in transmitted texts such as“Bai guan gongqing biao”百官公卿表(“Table on the Hundred Officials and Ministers”) in Hanshu漢書and“Bai guan zhi”百官志(“Treatise on the Hundred Officials”) in Xu Hanshu續漢書. Within this framework, scholars have typically emphasized the role of zhongwei中尉(commandant of the capital) in safeguarding the capital or have discussed this office as part of“san gong jiu qing”三公九卿(three excellencies and nine ministers). The recently published“Gongling”功令(“Ordinances on Merit”) from Tomb 336 at Zhangjiashan, however, offers new perspectives on the responsibilities of the commandant of the capital and the development of this office during the Qin-Han transition.
Although the commandant of the capital was fundamentally a military position, their personnel authority extended beyond the selection of dismissed military officials, also including the power to transfer assistants and scribes from county offices in the capital area or nearby commanderies to the offices at the capital, which is not recorded in transmitted sources. Nevertheless, the personnel authority of the position in the early Han was not absolute. They lacked the authority to appoint military officials, and their power to transfer personnel was limited to the rank of assistants and scribes, an institutional arrangement which was closely connected to the political circumstances of the time. By examining the varying degrees of personnel authority held by commandants at the central, commandery, and county levels, this study reveals how the early Han government’s delegation of such powers reflected its strategies for responding to military threats.