自治、革命與生意：辛亥前後的上海新舞臺

Local Autonomy, Revolution, and Business: The New Stage in Shanghai Around the Xinhai Revolution

作為近代第一座由華人創辦的新式劇場，新舞臺的「新」，不只體現在舞臺之內，劇場形制、服裝道具、布景燈光、表演方式等方面的創新，同時更體現在舞臺之外的「以新姿態為新表演」，包括以「振市」之名，將新舞臺作為地方自治事業的組成部分，緊跟社會熱點編演新戲，參與公共輿論的塑造，為社會團體義演募捐，甚至組織救火隊、加入商團聯合會，從保衛地方的力量搖身一變為革命的急先鋒。新舞臺的趨新不只是清末戲曲改良思潮的產物，更是其匯通各種勢力，充當社會網絡結構「中間人」的結果。得益於這個位置，新舞臺短暫地獲得了前所未有的關注和成功，主導新舞臺的邑紳積累了自己成為地方自治核心人物的資本，作為新舞臺靈魂人物的潘、夏諸伶也獲得了新的社會身分，並成就了自己「伶界偉人」的聲名。新舞臺及其臺前幕後相關人物在劇變時代的曇花一現，既是「在地」社會對辛亥革命的具體反應，同時也是娛樂業在近代都市發展過程中地位日益重要，在推動社會變遷與政治轉型方面發揮影響力的生動注腳。

As the first Chinese-founded new theater in modern times, the“newness”of the New Stage新舞臺in Shanghai was reflected not only in innovations in theater form, costumes and props, scenery and lighting, and performance styles, but also in“new performances with new postures”beyond the stage; that is, the New Stage was positioned as an integral part of the local self-governance project in the name of“driving the economy,”performing new plays reflecting social hotspots, participating in the shaping of public opinion, fundraising for social organizations through charity performances, as well as even playing a role in the organization of the Fire Brigade, business and trades groups, and the transformation of the force from protecting the local community into a vanguard of the revolution. This reform of the New Stage was a product of both the improvement of the theater itself and its ability to bring together different groups and act as an intermediary within the social network structure. Thanks to this position, the New Stage briefly gained unprecedented attention and success; the local elites who dominated the New Stage amassed the capital to become core figures of local autonomy; and actors such as Pan Yueqiao潘月樵(?–1928), who was the soul of the New Stage, also gained a new social identity and achieved the reputation of being“a great man within the acting world.”The fleeting appearance of the New Stage and its related characters in a time of dramatic change was thus a concrete response of“local”society to the Xinhai Revolution, as well as a vivid footnote to the growing importance of the entertainment industry in the development of the modern city and its influential role in promoting social change and political transformation.