地方軍事化與族群動員：同治初年陝西回漢衝突爆發原因再詮釋

Local Militarization and Ethnic Mobilization: A Reinterpretation of the Causes of the Hui-Han Conflict in Shaanxi in the Early Tongzhi Era (1862)

同治元年（1862）爆發的陝西回漢衝突，是持續長達十餘年、蔓延西北數省的大規模戰亂的導火線。此一事件對於近代西北社會影響至為深遠，其爆發原因實有深入研究的必要。本文首先從文獻生成的脈絡出發，指出相關史料中主導性的「關中回漢關係長期緊張」敘事，是在同治以後的歷史書寫中才形成。其次，就地方政治長期的結構性變化而言，咸豐初年辦理團練，致使關中地區聚眾抗官案頻發，並掀起地方軍事化的浪潮。至咸豐末年，雖然陝西團練勢力急速擴張，但官府仍能勉強維持統治秩序。第三，太平軍突然攻入陝西，打破了官府刻意維持的地方力量平衡，關中東部地區原本處於混沌狀態的小規模械鬥與搶掠，迅速演變為回漢對立的族群衝突，隨後激化為互相仇殺與焚毀村莊，並快速沿伊斯蘭宗教網絡向周圍蔓延。總之，同治陝西回漢衝突並非由回民、漢民或官府任一方蓄意謀劃造成，而是地方軍事化與族群動員的脈絡下複雜歷史過程的結果。本文嘗試勾勒同治衝突爆發前關中回漢族群之間充滿張力的互動過程，反思以往帶有強烈建構性的歷史敘事，期能對清代「穆斯林叛亂」眾多而難息的原由，提供新的探索方向。

The Hui-Han Conflict that erupted in Shaanxi in 1862 catalyzed warfare across several northwestern provinces, its scale of which has profoundly influenced regional society and thus necessitates an investigation into its underlying causes. The present article begins by expounding the context in which relevant historical sources were produced, arguing that the dominant narrative of“long-standing tension between Han and Hui communities in Guanzhong”only emerged in post-Tongzhi era (1862–1874) historiography. Second, from the perspective of long-term structural changes in local politics, the organization of militia (tuanlian團練) in the early Xianfeng era (1851–1861) triggered popular resistance to officials and increasing militarization in the Guanzhong region. By the end of the Xianfeng era, despite control over local militias falling into the hands of powerful local actors and their forces expanding rapidly, however, Qing authorities still maintained their authority. Third, in terms of the short-term“event”that sparked the conflict, the sudden invasion of Shaanxi by Taiping forces proved decisive, as the delicate local balance of power had been disrupted. Small-scale confrontations in eastern Guanzhong, previously characterized as being chaotic in nature, quickly became framed as an ethnic conflict between Hui and Han. Violence escalated into mutual killings and the destruction of villages, rapidly spreading to other regions. At the onset of the conflict, both local authorities in Shaanxi and the central government adhered to a neutral stance. However, the killing of official Zhang Fu張芾(1814–1862) led to a discursive shift in official policy from“armed confrontation between Hui and Han”to“Hui Muslim rebellion.”The Hui-Han Conflict during the Tongzhi era thus did not result from the premeditated actions of any party, rather emerging as a consequence of ethnic mobilization within the development of local militarization. By reconstructing the multilayered interactions between Hui and Han communities in Guanzhong prior to the outbreak of violence, this article offers new perspectives for rethinking the causes behind the many so-called“Muslim rebellions”in Qing China and invites a critical reassessment of strongly constructed historical narratives.