製作與想像海疆：〈北洋海岸圖〉與金國時期的海域認識

Making and Imagining Seas:“Beiyang Hai’an Tu”and the Understanding of the Seas during the Later Jin Period

〈北洋海岸圖〉現藏於國立故宮博物院，以滿、漢文標寫地名，涵蓋了朝鮮、渤海、東北、長江以北之空間。過去學界雖然已有關於此圖的初步討論，但對繪製背景、年代判定、政治文化意涵等，都仍有待進一步探討與釐清。本文將論證〈北洋海岸圖〉乃繪製於1632到1634年間，金國以山陰人白君可於十六世紀末所得、刻版印製、請王泮題跋的〈王泮題識天下輿地圖〉之衍生版本為基礎，繪製而成。此時正值皇太極調整東江諸島和沿海防禦策略，並且接納孔有德等降將，使金國得以重新對海洋展開較為主動的軍事行動。與此同時，金國亦以圖像化方式表現其特殊的地理觀：長白山三河分流，注入三處海域，象徵其文化與政治秩序的開展，而這並非沿襲漢人傳統的「四海天下」觀。是以，本文將在地圖知識傳播與帝國建構脈絡下，探討從嶺南、山陰、朝鮮至金國間地圖知識的流變與重製，並分析其最終如何在軍事、政治、文化層面上形構金國時期的海域認識。

The map“Beiyang hai’an tu”北洋海岸圖, held by the National Palace Museum, covers Korea, Northeastern China, Shandong, Zhili, and the regional sea waters, with the names of places being written in both Manchu and Chinese. Previous scholarship has been aware of this map, but only introducing its contents to a limited extent. Many issues, including its dating as well as political and cultural connotations, therefore await further research. The present article argues that“Beiyang hai’an tu”was drawn between 1632 and 1634 based on“Wang Pan tizhi yudi tu”王泮題識天下輿地圖, a map produced in Korea around the 1610s or 1620s which was likewise a reproduction of“Yudi tu”by Bai Jun白君(?–?) of Shanyin from the late 16th century. The period of 1632 to 1634 coincides with when Emperor Hong Taiji of the Later Jin dynasty and founding emperor of the Qing dynasty (r. 1636–1643) shifted maritime policy towards active occupation by taking the Dongjiang Islands. Furthermore, this map depicts the shaping of the geographic and cultural world of the Later Jin; that is, instead of adopting the traditional Chinese cosmological notion of the four seas under heaven, the Later Jin, as this map suggests, founded a three-seas cosmology to establish its legitimacy. This article thus expounds“Beiyang hai’an tu”within the frameworks of knowledge exchange as well as the realities of military affairs, politics, and culture to understand the processes of empire-building during the Later Jin period.