作物、乾旱、洪水與土地：二十世紀上半葉日惹的環境與水資源管理

Crops, Drought, Floods, and Land: Yogyakarta’s Environment and Water Management in the First Half of the 20th Century

印尼日惹行政區的農地歷來因缺水而導致乾旱，難以生產農作物。有時也會突然發生山洪，造成重大傷害及損失。從二十世紀上半葉的荷蘭人開始，以及隨後第二次世界大戰期間的日本人，再到新興印尼共和國統治下的印尼人，皆在努力緩解乾旱和洪水等環境問題。透過這種改善，使得能在農田上種植更多的農作物。本文認為：儘管印尼、日本和荷蘭對於水灌溉以及水管理的努力有著不同的目標，但這些目標最終都改善了依賴這片土地地力的普通爪哇人民的生活以及日惹行政區能夠生產出的農作物。透過比較荷蘭、日本和印尼的這三個時代，提出了這樣的論點：儘管政治和經濟目標不同，但對此環境的管理已成為善治的政治象徵。此篇論文表明：二十世紀上半葉各政權所做的努力改善了環境，並留下了至今仍在緩解該地區乾旱的遺產。

The agricultural land of the Yogyakarta Administrative Region in Indonesia historically suffered from a limited water supply, causing droughts and making it difficult to produce crops. At other times, flash floods would suddenly occur, causing significant damage. In the 20th century, a series of administrations—the Dutch during the first half of the century, the Japanese during World War II, and the Indonesians under the budding Indonesian Republic—all took care to alleviate these environmental issues and thereby facilitated the growth of a greater abundance of crops. The paper argues that the irrigation and water management efforts of the Indonesians, Japanese, and Dutch, despite their different goals, all culminated in the improvement of the lives of the ordinary Javanese people dependent on the fertility of this land and the crops the Yogyakarta Administrative Region could produce. By comparing these three eras of the Dutch, Japanese, and Indonesians, the argument is presented that the management of this environment became a political symbol of good governance despite different political and economic goals. The paper demonstrates that the efforts made in the first half of the 20th century changed the environment and left a legacy that continues to alleviate drought in the region until the present.