從困境到創新：中國式遺產管理人制度的探索道路——美國《統一遺囑檢驗法》之鏡鑒

From Difficulties to Innovations: Exploring the Path of Chinese Style of Estate Administrator's System—Mirror to the Uniform Probate Code in the United States

《民法典》搭建出了遺產管理人制度的雛形，由於缺乏具體、全面的建構，實務中的遺產管理人制度面臨著不小的問題，但基於社會發展存在一定共性及聯繫，借鑒先進發達國家的立法經驗勢在必行，美國《統一遺囑檢驗法》便是可供參酌的樣本之一。美國《統一遺囑檢驗法》中有關遺產管理人選任、職權、監督的規則值得我們仔細對照、品鑒：在選任方面，需反思我國遺產管理人選任範圍狹窄問題，警惕選任中盛行的機會主義現象等；在職權方面，需要立足遺囑內容，從實用主義的角度適當限縮職權範圍等；在監督方面，應設置合理的滌除事由並保持謙抑性等。對於是否將遺產管理推向市場化、專業化運作也值得討論，還需結合我國社會經濟條件、市場競爭程度、民眾觀念等因素作出審慎抉擇，進而逐步從困境走向創新，最終暢想出中國式遺產管理人制度的未來。

TheCivilCodehasestablishedtheembryonicformoftheestateadministratorsystem.Duetothelackofspecificandcomprehensiveconstruction,theestateadministratorsysteminpracticefacessignificantproblems.However,basedonthecommonalitiesandconnectionsinsocialdevelopment,itisnecessarytodrawonthelegislativeexperienceofadvanceddevelopedcountries,TheUniformProbateCodeisoneofthesamplesforreference.Therulesregardingtheselection,powers,andsupervisionofestateadministratorsintheUniformProbateCodeareworthcarefullycomparingandtasting.Intermsofselection,weneedtoreflectonthenarrowscopeofappointmentforestateadministratorsinChinaandbewaryofopportunisticphenomenaprevalentintheselectionprocess;Intermsofauthority,itisnecessarytobaseonthecontentofthewillandappropriatelylimitthescopeofauthorityfromapragmaticperspective;Intermsofsupervision,reason-ablereasonsforremovalshouldbeestablishedandrestraintshouldbemaintained.Itisalsoworthdiscussingwhethertopromotemarket-orientedandspecializedoperationofheritagemanagement.ItisnecessarytomakeacautiousdecisionbasedonfactorssuchasChina'ssocio-economicconditions,marketcompetitionlevel,andpublicawareness,andgraduallymovefromdifficultiestoinnovation,ultimatelyenvisioningthefutureoftheChinesestyleheritagemanagementsystem.