媒體報道未決刑事案件的法律規制

Research on the Legal Regulation of the Media Reporting on Undecided Criminal Cases

媒體應如何報道未決刑事案件信息，表面上是關於媒體與辦案機關之間關係的平衡，但實際上涉及的是維護新聞自由與保障公共利益、民眾知情權、人格權、審判公正之間的權衡。媒體為滿足民眾知的權利，需要有採訪、報道、傳播及接近消息的自由，因為新聞自由不只是傳播信息和意見的權利，還必須有收集和接受信息的權利，這樣才能讓信息自由流通，否則法律規定的表達自由權利難以實現。媒體依法合理報道刑事案件信息，不僅可使辦案機關接受公眾的監督、提高辦案質量，還可有效提升犯罪預防功能。反之，媒體不當報道刑事案件信息會產生兩個方面的消極影響：一是民眾瞭解到更多的犯罪方式，知悉可以進行犯罪的機會或對象，對不良社會現象的報道會降低民眾的道德感；二是傳遞不真實案件信息，妨礙偵查機關開展工作，侵害相關主體合法權利，不當干預司法人員辦案。在調整規範媒體報道未決刑事案件信息時，需要綜合考量媒體的價值功能及其行使報道權利帶來的效應，更多地去探尋媒體干預司法的各種因素，包括媒體所處的社會環境、本國的司法現狀以及程序性和實體性法律機制的設置。

Howthemediashouldreporttheinformationofongoingcriminalcases,althoughonthesurfaceisaboutthebalancebetweentherelationshipofthemediaandthecasehandlingorgans,butinfactinvolvesthebalancebetweenthemaintenanceofthefreedomofthepressandtheprotectionofpublicinterests,thepublic'srighttoknow,therighttopersonality,andthejusticeoftrial.Inordertosatisfythepeople'srighttoknow,themedianeedtohavethefreedomtointerview,report,disseminateandaccessinformation,becausethefreedomofthepressisnotonlytherighttodisseminateopinionsandin-formation,butalsotherighttocollectandreceiveinformation,sothatinformationcanflowfreely,otherwiseitisdifficulttorealizetherighttofreedomofexpressionstipulatedbylaw.Mediareportingcriminalcaseinformationinaccordancewiththelawcannotonlyenablethecase-handlingorganstoacceptpublicsupervisionandimprovethequalityofcase-handling.butalsoeffectivelyenhancethefunctionofcrimeprevention,Onthecontrary,improperreportingofcriminalcaseinformationbythemediawillhavetwonegativeeffects:First,thepublicwillknowmorewaysofcommittingcrimesandtheopportunityorobjectofcommittingcrimes,andthereportingofbadsocialphenomenawillreducethemoralsenseofthepublic;thesecondistotransmituntruecaseinformation,hindertheworkofinvestigationorgans,infringeonthelegitimaterightsofrelevantsubjects,andimproperlyinterferewithjudicialpersonnelhandlingcases.Whenregulatingthemedia'sreportingofpendingcriminalcaseinformation,itisnecessarytocomprehensivelyconsiderthevaluefunctionofthemediaandtheeffectbroughtbytheexerciseoftherighttore-port,andexplorevariousfactorsofthemedia'sinterventioninthejudiciary,includingthesocialenvironmentofthemedia,thejudicialstatusquoofthecountryandthesettingofproceduralandsubstantivelegalmechanisms.