客觀歸責理論限定先行行為的路徑歸整及質疑

The Induction and Questioning of the Objective Imputation Theory Defining Prior Conduct

在先行行為的限定問題上，羅克辛主張採用客觀歸責標準。這一路徑被我國學者引進並得到支持。然而，這一轉用難言合理。客觀歸責理論本身存在的缺陷引發諸多疑問。在危險創設階段：危險判斷標準的不明確導致先行行為的隨意認定；危險判斷素材的分歧導致截然相反的結論。在危險實現階段，結果回避可能性闕如最終導致被害人自我答責或危險被允許，後者無法成為否定先行行為的理由；規範保護目的的不明確導致先行行為的隨意認定。客觀歸責理論旨在對構成要件行為進行實質化判斷，用以限定先行行為存在邏輯障礙。將損害結果歸責于先行行為，存在邏輯飛躍；歸責對象錯位，導致先行行為的不合理限縮；用以限定正當行為，有違客觀歸責理論的體系定位。是否具備保證人義務取決於結果的發展變化是否落入防衛人的答責領域，而不是正當防衛成立與否。客觀歸責標準只適用於規定有見危不救罪的德國刑法語境，適用於我國刑法語境將致使遺棄罪無法發揮填補處罰漏洞的功能。應當以結果不法為核心構建先行行為型保證人地位的認定標準。

Abstract:Onthedefinitionofpriorconduct.Roxinadvocatesthestandardofobjectiveimputationtojudgewhetheracertainactispriorconduct.ThispathhasbeenintroducedandsupportedbyChinesescholars.However,thispathishardlyreasonable.Thedefectsofobjectiveimputationtheorycausemanyquestions.Intheriskcreationstage,theambiguityoftheriskjudgmentstandardleadstothevoluntaryidentificationoftheguaran-torobligationofpriorconduct;Thedivergencesintheriskjudgmentmaterialsleadtodiametricallyopposedconclusions.Inthestageofriskrealization:therootcauseoftheabsenceofthepossibilityofoutcomeavoidanceisthevictim'sself-accountabilityortheriskisallowed,thelattercannotbethereasonfornegatingthepriorconduct:Theambiguityofthepurposeofnormativeprotectionleadstothearbitraryidentificationoftheguarantorobligationofpriorconduct.Theobjectiveimputationtheoryaimstomakeasubstantialjudgmentontheconstitutiveelements.Itislogicallyunreasonabletouseittolimitpriorconduct.Itisalogicalleaptoattributethedamageresulttotheantecedentact.Theobjectofblameismisplaced,whichleadstotheunreasonablelimitationoftheprecedingbehavior;Itisagainstthesystemorientationofobjectiveimputationtheorytolimitjustifiableconduct.Theexistenceofaguarantorobligationdependsonwhethertheresultingdevelopmentsfallintothedomainofaccountabilityofthedefender,ratherthanwhetherjustifiabledefenseisestablished.ThestandardofobjectiveimputationcanonlybeappliedtotheGermancriminallawcontextwhichstipulatesthecrimeoffailingtohelp,buttheabandonmentcrimecannotfillthepenaltyloopholeifappliedtothecriminallawcontextinChina.Thecriterionoftheguarantor'sobligationofpriorconductshouldbeestablishedbasedontheresultunlawfulness.