人工智能國際治理的三重維度產品責任、倫理價值與國家安全

當前人工智能國際治理主要涵蓋產品責任、倫理價值與國家安全三個目標維度。歐盟、中國和美國在人工智能國際治理中分別代表了個體權利主導、平衡多元目標與國家安全主導的三種典型路徑，不同路徑下三個目標維度的追求位階與制度側重存在顯著差異。全球人工智能治理應以上述三個目標維度為核心，通過制度銜接與規則對話，構建層次分明、協調有序的治理體系。具體而言，應以共同倫理為前提，從產品責任與系統安全入手，通過技術標准、行業規則與合規指引形成基礎性共識。在此基礎上，逐步推動權利義務具體化的區域性倫理協議和軟法工具的形成，培育更高層次的價值認同與制度合作框架。而在涉及國家安全的議題上，則需在人工智能軍民兩用場景不斷深化的背景下，探索建立跨國危機管理與風險溝通機制，以防止因過度強調人工智能軍事化或技術封鎖而造成國際共識受阻，從而實現以安全為底線、以合作為導向的全球人工智能國際治理秩序。

Current international governance of artificial intelligence primarily encompasses three objective dimensions: product liability, ethical values, and national security. The European Union, China, and the United States respectively represent three typical governance pathways—one centered on individual rights, one balancing multiple objectives, and one dominated by national security. These divergent approaches lead to significant differences in the hierarchy of goals and the institutional emphases across the three dimensions. Global AI governance should take these three objectives as its core, building a layered and coordinated governance system through institutional alignment and regulatory dialogue. Specifically, it should begin from a foundation of shared ethical principles, focusing first on product responsibility and system safety, and seek to establish a basic consensus through technical standards, industry norms, and compliance guidelines. On this basis, it should progressively promote the development of regional ethical agreements and soft-law instruments that concretize rights and obligations, thereby fostering higher-level value convergence and institutional cooperation. In matters involving national security, it is essential—against the backdrop of increasingly dual-use (civil-military) AI applications—to explore the creation of transnational crisis management and risk communication mechanisms, so as to prevent excessive militarization or technological containment from impeding global consensus. In this way, the international governance of artificial intelligence can evolve toward an order that takes security as the baseline and cooperation as the guiding principle.