數據財產權與個人信息權益的衝突與調適

數據確權是數據要素市場化改革的基礎。當法律向數據處理者配置數據財產權，涉及可識別個人數據時，便形成數據財產權與個人信息權益並存的共生權利結構。當前，二者未能清晰界分。以“知情同意”為核心、貫穿“全生命週期控制”的個人信息保護體系，構成對數據財產權行使的制度性約束，制約數據高效流通與數字經濟深化發展。個人信息權益本質是旨在防範數據處理風險的防禦性權利，而非個人對數據的排他性支配權。個人信息權益體系應從全程控制向“剩餘控制+風險防控”轉向，通過限縮可攜帶權等工具性權利的適用空間，強化行為規制與分級治理，重構更具適應性的保護範式；科學界分兩類權益屬性，合理協調個人與公共利益，明確可市場化數據的邊界；承認數據來源者的“數字勞動”及其在數據生成中的基礎性價值，依據分配正義原則，構建以“貢獻度”為基準的數據收益分配機制，實現數據價值與收益的公平分享，最終形成兼顧保護、流通與創新的數據治理新格局。

The confirmation of data rights is the foundation of the market-oriented reform of data as a production factor. When the law allocates data property rights to data processors in situations involving identifiable personal data, a symbiotic rights structure emerges in which data property rights and personal information rights coexist. At present, however, the boundary between the two remains unclear. The personal information protection system—centered on“informed consent”and characterized by“full-lifecycle control”—has become an institutional constraint on the exercise of data property rights, thereby hindering the efficient circulation of data and the further development of the digital economy. In essence, personal information rights are defensive rights designed to prevent risks arising from data processing, not exclusive rights of control over data by individuals. The personal information rights framework should thus evolve from one of comprehensive control to one based on“residual control plus risk prevention.”This entails narrowing the scope of instrumental rights such as the right to data portability, strengthening behavioral regulation and tiered governance, and reconstructing a more adaptive model of protection. It also requires a clear differentiation between the two types of rights attributes, a rational coordination between individual and public interests, and a precise delineation of what categories of data may be subject to market transactions. Furthermore, the foundational value of digital labor—the contribution of data subjects to the generation of data—should be recognized. In accordance with the principle of distributive justice, a data revenue allocation mechanism should be established based on the degree of contribution, to ensure a fair sharing of both data value and its returns. Ultimately, this will give rise to a new governance framework for data that balances protection, circulation, and innovation.