新發現戴震佚文與江、戴師生關係重探

The Newly Discovered Dai Zhen's Scattered Article and the Restudy of the Relationship between him and Jiang Yong

清代學者戴震（1724-1777）身後發生「晚年背師」公案，對其學術人格造成頗大之斲傷。然因缺乏戴震、江永（1681-1762）所撰有關二人關係之文字，自清末以來，此一公案仍迭有爭議。對於戴震與江永二人的關係，學者間主要有三種看法：一者確認戴震與江永存在師生關係，批評戴震晚年不敬其師；其次，認為戴震對江永始終敬禮，無背師之行為；其三，認為戴震與江永誼在師友間，未嘗著籍為弟子，故不應受背師之誚。2004年8月底，大陸學者漆永祥於上海圖書館發現戴震佚文一篇，撰於乾隆十五年江永七十大壽時，為解決此一公案透露曙光。漆氏認為戴震在〈壽序〉中對江永學行有極高之評價，故學者認為戴震不尊江永之說當不攻而自破。由於此篇佚文為近年出版之《戴震全集》與《戴震全書》所未收，亦為歷來論述戴震與江永關係之學者所未見，對進一步探討戴震是否背師的問頲有極高之參考價值。然此佚文為戴震「早年」所撰，其時戴震雖尚尊禮江永，然無解於學者對戴震「晚年」對江永態度轉變之批評，故漆氏之說值得商榷。本文根據此篇佚文，對戴震與江永之關係重加討論，祈使此一公案之爭議得一解決。

The relationship between the well-known Qing scholar Dai Zhe (戴震) (1724-1777) and Jiang Yong (江永)(1681-1762) aroused much discussion since the former's death to the present day. There are three different points of view. The first is that Jiang and Dai held a master and pupil relationship which Dai betrayed and disrespected Jiang in his late years, the second is that Dai maintained the relationship and respected Jiang throughout his life, and the last one is that their relationship was something between master-puple and friends. Now the debate may come to an end owing to the newly discovered scattered article which Dai wrote in congratulations of Jiang's 70 years old birthday. It definitely shows that Dai held a formal relationship of master and pupil with Jiang at that time, which he betrayed and disrespected Jiang in his late years.