從「一於善」與「必自慊」的改異論宋元朱門後學對朱熹《四書章句集注》定本的理解

Song and Yuan Scholars’ Interpretations of Zhu Xi’s The Exegesis of the Collections of Texts from the Four Books (Si shu zhang ju ji zhu)

朱學的興盛，除了後世帝王的提倡之外，朱門後學的推尊，更是朱學傳衍的關鍵。朱熹（1130-1200）生前遍注群經，屢經修訂，刊刻無數，導致宋、元之世，有關朱注的版本既多且雜，《四書章句集注》亦是其中之一。對於《四書章句集注》朱注最終定本之爭，元儒開其端，清儒續其論，數百年間，莫衷一是，職是之故，本文以回歸文獻的方式，先析宋元朱門後學爭論之處，再回到朱熹注經歷程之思索，從而釐清《四書章句集注》最終定本之所在。其間可以看出朱熹注解經典的方式，一方面具有理學與經學不同面向的取捨，一方面又有意透過「以經釋傳」、「以傳釋經」的方式注解經文，因此屢次修訂自己所注之文字，可見注解之用心。其後，朱門後學因推尊朱熹之故，便在自己所據的朱注文字上，加以闡釋，雖定本之爭由是而起，但從中亦可見得朱門後學各自的學思歷程與推尊朱熹的用心，更能導正清儒每謂元儒學術敗壞之偏見。

The study of the works of Zhu Xi became popular due to support of the emperor and respect from scholars. Zhu Xi (1130-1200) annotated many classics and continually revised his annotations. Hence, there were many different versions of Zhu’s works in the Song and Yuan dynasties. The Exegesis of the Collections of Texts from the Four Books (Sishu zhangju jizhu) is one example of Zhu’s works. Scholars in the Yuan Dynasty started to argue about which copy represented the final version. This argument was continued by the scholars in the Qing Dynasty. However, despite these discussions, scholars were unable to find agreement. In this paper, I will first analyze the scholars’ arguments, and then explore Zhu’s thoughts according to his annotations in order to determine the final version. Zhu annotated both “Philosophy of Principle” (li xue) and “Philosophy of Classic” (jing xue). The principles Zhu adopted in analyzing these works were “annotating the classics by commentary” and “annotating the commentary by the classics.” As a result, the scholars who studied the works of Zhu Xi also added their own interpretations to Zhu’s annotations. Thus the argument concerning a final version arose from their interpretations, which in turn is a result of their respect and devotion to the works of Zhu Xi.