曲通三統？關於現代政治的規範性弔詭

Twisted Communication of the Three Traditions? On the Normative Paradox of Modern Politics

本文旨在對「通三統」政治話語進行跨文化省思。切入點是德國哲學家霍耐特對黑格爾法哲學的重構工作。在此基礎上，霍耐特探討「社會自由」的概念，以及現代政治三大原則（自由、平等、博愛）的關係。本文的第一節圍繞著「三革命原則的弔詭格局」。第二節以「黑格爾法哲學與倫理性的三領域」為焦點，回顧霍耐特對黑格爾的解釋，並進行相關的批判分析。第三節過渡到「溝通與齊物」的主題，連結法蘭克福學派批判理論的溝通理論與當代莊子研究有關「齊物」的思考。第四節「弔詭共生」則進一步質疑霍耐特透過「社會自由」來重新詮釋三革命原則的格局，本文認為他理論的重要侷限在於無法正視三大原則及相關的三大政治意識形態（自由主義、社會主義、保守主義）所構成的規範性弔詭。本文指出，在這方面，「通三統」的架構具有獨特的理論優勢。第五節藉由「曲通與感通」的關係問題，深化關於「溝通」與「齊物」的討論，尤其試圖透過「工夫辯證」的概念，來逆轉「通三統」話語為現有意識形態而服務的趨勢，別開生面地構思「新外王」的另類可能。

This paper engages in a transcultural reflection on the political discourse named “communication of the three traditions” （which has gained significance in the PRC since the year 2000 or so）. The point of entry is Axel Honneth’s normative reconstruction of Hegel’s philosophy of right, the concept of “social freedom” developed on the basis of this reconstruction, and its relation to the three founding principles of modern politics: liberty, egality and fraternity. The first part of my paper addresses the topic of the “paradoxical constellation between the three revolutionary principles”. The focus of the second part lies on “Hegel’s philosophy of right and the three spheres of ethical life”. It presents a critical discussion of Honneth’s reconstruction of Hegel. The third part jumps into reflections on “communication and the equalization of things”, establishing a link between Frankfurt School Critical Theory and contemporary interpretations of chapter two in the Zhuangzi. The fourth part is then devoted to the idea of “paradoxical coexistence”. It throws doubt upon the way Honneth uses the concept of social life to reinterpret the relation between the three revolutionary principles and claims that a major limit of Honneth’s position lies in the failure to recognize the relation between the three principles and between the political ideologies related to it (liberalism, socialism, conservatism）as normative paradox. I then argue that the Chinese discourse on the “communication of the three traditions” has, in this respect, a strong theoretical potential, which deserves further attention. The last part elaborates this thesis. It deepens discussions in the third part by paying special attention to the ideas of “twisted” and “resonating” communication. Finally, I introduce the concept of “ascetic dialectics” to counter the tendency to ideological abuse of the “communication of the three traditions” and to propose an alternative version of “new outer kingliness”, one of the major political concepts in Contemporary Neo-Confucianism.