劉謐《三教平心論》成書時代及闢韓緣由考

A Study on Which Era Liu Mi's Sanjiao Pingxin Lun Was Completed and His Refutation of Han Yu

劉謐生平事蹟不可考，翻檢歷來文獻，有南宋、元、明人三種說法，目前學界多認為他是元人，但由《三教平心論》的內容可斷定他是南宋人。《三教平心論》顧名思義是以持平之心衡論三教，實際卻是護佛衛教的苦心之作，書中主要回應儒者排佛，對道教著墨甚少，駁斥反佛學者，從初唐傅奕至南宋朱熹；又謂韓愈繼傅奕謗佛，「見猶傅奕」，「曷為無人以議其非」？於是長篇闢韓達二十三條，居全書之冠。其實在他之前並非無人駁斥韓愈；劉謐書中也多襲取前賢觀點，其所以撰文護法，且稱無人闢韓，乃因韓愈是「以文章顯」的「儒者之論」，韓愈開啟宋代古文家及理學家反佛風潮，劉謐處於宋理宗尊崇理學的時代，為阻止盛極一時的理學排擠佛教，於是探本討源，指斥韓愈反佛之謬。本文考出《三教平心論》成書於南宋末，正足以彰顯劉謐闢韓的時代意義。

There is a lack of documents on the life of Liu Mi. According to relevant writings, Liu Mi is believed to have lived in the Southern Song, Yuan, or Ming dynasty. While it is generally held in academia that Liu Mi lived in the Yuan dynasty, he can also be affirmed to have been a Southern Song dynasty scholar in reference to his work Sanjiao Pingxin Lun (A Discussion on the Three Teachings with a Balanced Mind). Differing from what the name of the book suggests, Sanjiao Pingxin Lun is, in fact, a work espousing Buddhism, with little discourse on Taoism, by commenting on the anti-Buddhism ideas of Confucian scholars, including Fu Yi in the early Tang dynasty through Zhu Xi in the Southern Song dynasty. Liu also refuted Han Yu by stating that Han's anti-Buddhism ideas did not differ from those put forth by Fu Yi, and were also erroneous. Liu was also puzzled by why there were few texts pointing out Han's fallacies. Liu's refutation of Han is predominant in the book, with as many as 23 relevant entries. However, the truth is that Liu was not the first to refute Han; in this book, he drew on viewpoints of scholars in earlier times to support his anti-Han Yu perspective. The reason why Liu wrote the book to espouse Buddhism and claim that there had not been any criticism against Han was because Han was the one who wrote a notable number of Confucianism-based essays on anti-Buddhism, and in turn sparked the anti-Buddhism trend among ancient Chinese prose writers and Neo-Confucianism scholars in the Song dynasty. It is because Liu lived in a time that highly valued Neo-Confucianism and denigrated Buddhism that Liu wrote this book to reveal Han's anti-Buddhism fallacies and curb the anti-Buddhism trend. This study proves that Sanjiao Pingxin Lun was completed in the late Southern Song dynasty; this fact manifests the historic significance of Liu's anti-Han Yu perspective.