論朱子思想先後之轉變與其關鍵議題

On the Development and Change of Zhu Xi's thought and Its Key Issues

朱子一生思想之轉變，依後人所考論，大致可分為三階段：第一階段，為朱子早歲初入學問之途粗識門徑之時；其間頗出入於禪學。第二階段為彼從學於李侗有所得，而猶未之深契之若干年；即朱子自編《牧齋淨稿》，以至延平卒後辨析「體」、「用」而有所謂「中和舊說」之悟之時。第三階段則由乾道五年己丑新悟，自愧辜負延平教誨起始；由此確認心有「未發之時」，並亟以書告當時相與論學之張栻，及湖湘同為胡宏之說之學者。此年朱子四十歲。以後朱子之立論，方向已定，且再無重大之轉折。
唯以思想之發展而言，己丑悟後，由於議題之鋪展，朱子之為學，雖無重大轉折，仍有新增之導引；其變化，依余之見，可分述為二支不同之脈絡：一係由己丑有關「心體」之悟，擴及於「心」、「性」名義之分析，以及二者指涉層次之差異；使彼原本所關懷「儒學如何證成『體用一源，顯微無間』」之議題，因「理」、「氣」概念之「既合亦分」而複雜化。第二項脈絡，則是與二陸會於鵝湖之後，企圖將所不契於象山所辨之「真」、「偽」之說者，仔細稱量，從而思考：如何將「理學」之發展，確認出一不與傳統之書冊中所展現之「定本」、「議論」相背離之途轍；而其進路，則係依「合內、外」之旨，將《中庸》「明」、「誠」之說，綰之於《大學》「本」、「末」之義，依「證理」之序，區分漸次，從而完成其最終於「窮理」一義之定說。
本文之所論，於後人所約分之三期，及余於第三期中，進而梳理之二條脈絡，大抵皆以朱子之自述為依據。其中涉及後人聚訟之點，如第二、三期轉變之年代與其歷程，以及第三期中所展現朱子晚年思想之變化等，凡所辨析，皆有不同於前此論者之所擬議；可供學界參考。

The development and change of Zhu Xi’s（朱熹）thought in his life, has long been a critical issue for those who study Song-Ming neo-Confucianism. According to the general opinion, the course of Zhu Xi’s philosophical growth can be divided into three stages: The first stage starts from Zhu Xi’s early years as an enthusiastic student in acquiring the basic knowledge of Daoxue（道學）. At that time, generated from his huge interest in metaphysics, he was deeply influenced by North Song Zen Buddhism. The second stage starts from Zhu Xi’s acquaintance with Li Tong（李侗）, and became his disciple. He immersed himself in the unsolved problems that has long been hidden in the teachings of Cheng Yi（程頤）. Although Li Tong helped him a lot, he was not quite convinced by Li Tong’s viewpoint as a sincere follower of Yang Shi（楊時）. Inspired by Hu-xiang（湖湘） scholars, Zhu Xi boldly developed another interpretation about the theory of Zhongyong（《中庸》）.The third stage starts from Zhu Xi’s sudden self-enlightenment in the year 1169, Zhu Xi has finally made clear about the tangled question that bothered him so long. He overthrew his entire previous opinion and returned to Li Tong's interpretation. From then on, Zhu Xi held this viewdpoint and never changed again. In this paper, the author carefully examined all the materials which involved in these three stages and gave his own interpretation about the whole process，especially about the great change Zhu Xi made from his second stage to the third stage and the philosophical consequences of Zhu Xi’s self-enlightenment in 1169.