清代文人與花木——以張英、高士奇詩文為例

Chinese Literati of the Qing Period and Plants: the Writings of Zhang Ying and Gao Shiqi

英國植物採集家威爾遜（Ernest Henry Wilson, 1876-1930）曾稱「中國可稱爲園林之母，其他所有國家的園林均深受其惠。」在研究中國植物學方面，李約瑟（Joseph Needham）、鲁桂珍（Lu Gwei-Djen）在Science and Civilisation in China（《中國的科學與文明》）第六冊之Biology and Biological Technology, Part I: Botany（《生物學與生物技術，第一分冊：植物學》）已集中在辭典、字典、本草、救荒著作、植物譜等基本文獻方面理出的一發展脈絡，但是不少其他文獻還是可以進行探討，如文人詩文集中藏有的大量關於植物的資料。整理這一批詩文集，是一件龐大的工程。此外，全面收集植物資料的著作，如明．王路《花史左編》（1617）、明．王象晉《二如亭群芳譜》（1621）、清．陳淏子《花鏡》（1688）、清．汪灝等奉敕撰《御定佩文齋廣群芳譜》（1708），代表各時代累積下來的知識，收有大量的文獻資料，但基本是跨時代、縱的編撰方式，每一類植物的詩文題詠，亦不能籠蓋所有的作品，特別是清代的作品。我們如想理解某一時期橫的一面，則得集中在同時期的文獻研究。本文嘗試從張英（1638-1708）與高士奇（1645-1703/4）詩文中描述的各種活動，包括在名勝古跡、皇家庭園與禁中、友人庭園、京師以及家鄉宅第和園林、旅遊或扈從中所見，以及種植心得，討論兩位傳統文人對花木的情懷，以及對花木文化的貢獻。

The English plant collector Ernest Henry Wilson (1876-1930) once noted that “China is indeed the mother of gardens; the country to which the gardens of all other lands are so deeply indebted.” In the study of Chinese botany, Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-Djen, in their Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part I: Botany have laid out the main development in lexicographic and encyclopaedic texts, texts on pharmaceutical natural history, studies on wild (emergency) food plants, and botanical monographs, etc., but other types of documents remain to be explored. For example, there is a great deal of information in the collected works of the literati. Also, for works that provide overall plant information, such as Wang Lu’s Huashi zuobian (A History of Flowers ) (1617), Wang Xiangjin’s Erruting qunfang pu (A Treatise on Flowers from the Erru Pavilion) (1621), Chen Haozi’s Huajing (A Mirror for Flowers) (1688), and the Yuding Peiwenzhai guang qunfang pu (Imperial Edition of An Expansion of the Treatise on Flowers from the Peiwen Studio) (1708), compiled by Wang Hao and others, these represent accumulated knowledge from various periods, and contain a large amount of textual material, but basically cross over periods and are diachronic in nature, and the poems and prose writings on each type of plant do not cover all the material available, and especially those written in the Qing period. If we are to understand synchronically the nature of plant culture of a certain period, we will need to focus on texts of the same period. This article investigates various activities described in the poetry and prose writings of Zhang Ying (1638-1708) and Gao Shiqi (1645-1703/4), including their writings on scenic spots, imperial gardens and the palace, gardens of friends, their own houses and gardens in the capital and hometown, travels including travelling with the imperial retinue, and their insights on plant cultivation, and to discuss the feelings of these two traditional literati towards plants, and their contribution to plant culture.