元代詩法作品中的杜詩觀

Criticism on Du Fu’s Poetry in the Prosodic Works of Yuan Dynasty

「詩法」在傳統詩學中往往被被視為淺陋並多疑為偽託之作，然而「詩法」可以說是在詩學理想與實際創作產生分歧的時代，企圖黏合理想與實作的一種努力。元代詩法之學勃興，以律詩章法為主體之創作析論是其主要內容。元人論詩以杜甫為主體，在詩法作品中，存在著以「以杜證法」和「以法驗杜」兩種模式。有些詩法的分類或屬妄誕，然這些被論者編造出來的「法」或「格」，不僅表現出他們對杜甫的推崇，同時也可見元人透過作品結構脈絡來理解詩歌的閱讀方法，在理性精神的支配下，通過對於詩歌內部資訊的分析來完成對作品之解讀，此法不僅呈現出有別於宋人注釋杜詩的解詩傳統，同時也暗伏了批評觀念的重大改變，影響明清詩學關念的內涵與發展。

In traditional poetics, the “poetics” was often considered to be a weak and shallow theory, and sometimes even thought to be forgeries; however, we may say that the “prosody” was a kind of efforts, which attempt to fill the gap between ideal and actual works during an age that the poetics perfection was separated from the actual creations. The prosody during the Yuan Dynasty grew vigorously, and its subject matter was the analysis of creation, which was based on the ordered and methodical style of “lu shi” （a poem of eight lines, each containing five or seven characters, with a strict tonal pattern and rhyming scheme）. Du Fu’s poetry usually served as a standard when people discussed the poetry during that time. The Yuan scholars particularly used two techniques to study the poetry of Du Fu, which were “demonstrating rules of poetry from the poems of Du Fu” and “using rules of poetry to analyze Du Fu’s works”. Some methods of categorizing Du Fu’s poems were rather absurd, but these made-up ‘rules’ or ‘styles’ , not only presented theorists’ highly praise to Du Fu, from that we but also understood the reading ways, which scholars of Yuan Dynasty comprehended poetry by the constructional skeleton of works.Therefore, the related discussion about Du Fu’s poetry in Yuan’s prosody displayed a very distinctive analytic method, as well as suggested a significant change of critical concept.