方東樹《昭昧詹言》論創意與造語──兼論宋詩之獨創性與陌生化

Creativity and Neologism in Fang Dongshu's Zhao Mei Zhan Yan: an Overview of the uniqueness and defamiliarization in the Sung Dynasty's Poetry

《昭昧詹言》論詩，主張避熟脫凡，追求自家面目；倡導命意深遠，措詞新奇，而歸本於創意造語。又凸出「以驚創為奇」，「著意與人遠」之山谷詩風，已暗合陌生化、獨創性之詩歌語言標準。且方東樹於《昭昧詹言》中，再三標榜深、遠、創、造、生、新、變、奇諸美感效益，亦與創造思維之開放、通變、獨創、新穎諸特質異曲同工。此種創造思維之發用，主張「詞必己出，不隨人作計」，得自韓愈、黃庭堅之啟迪；而「空無依傍，盡脫谿徑之外」，近東坡詩風。其他出入唐宋之詩話，本文亦略加稱引述說，期能發微闡幽，而有助於宋詩特色之鉤勒。乾嘉詩話對宋詩特色或正或反之闡釋，將有助於宋詩與宋調文學史地位之公允評價。繆鉞「唐宋詩異同」，錢鍾書「詩分唐宋」說，將因此而獲得更有力之佐證。

Poetry, according to Zhao Mei Zhan Yan, should avoid banality and cliché. It should rather strive for its own unique style, rich in theme and concept, brilliance in the coinage of words—creative neologism is highly encouraged. Furthermore, poetry ought to stir awe and commotion on readers and idyllic poetic style, that is, focus on the expressiveness of themes and images. These imply creative neologism and uniqueness as the art of writing poetry. Fang Dongshu thinks that poetry should include: richness, creativity, originality, newness, variation, and awe to produce certain aesthetic aura. The ideas also correlate with that of open-mindedness, pliability, creativity, uniqueness and newness, stressing too the originality of writing poetry and not merely mimicking other's work—an idea inspired by Han Yu and Huang Tingjian. Also, the concept that poetry should rely on it spiritual unity within instead of falling into worldliness is akin to that of Su Shi. This paper also dwells briefly on the mimesis-yet-beyond style of notes on poetry during the Tang and Sung Dynasty which may be helpful for analyzing the poetic style of the Sung Dynasty. How both Qian-Long and Jiaqing commented on the poetry of the Sung Dynasty will justify the latter's status on the literary history, and provides a convincing evidence for Miu Yue's saying of “differences and similarities on the poetry of the Tang and Sung Dynasty” and Qian Zhongshu on “demarcation of the poetry of the Tang and Sung Dynasty”.