鑒戒與重構：論胡應麟《詩藪》的杜詩批評

Warning and Reconstruction: The Criticism of Du Fu's Poetry by Hu Yingling’s Shi Sou

杜甫的詩歌，堪稱明代復古派最重要的「典範」。然而，隨著復古派諸子的創作實踐逐漸衍生流弊，杜詩的地位也連帶引發明代論者質疑。就復古派發展的脈絡而言，其當如何回應、抗衡此一質疑聲浪，繼續標舉、堅守杜詩價值？如何在自家創作實踐流弊和外界攻杜論調雙重夾擊的處境裡，重新審視尊杜、學杜的傳統？這是一個極迫切的詩學課題，直接關乎復古大業的成敗。針對這個課題，胡應麟《詩藪》的杜詩批評，其實提供了絕佳的觀察平台。故本篇論文首由「分體」的統緒梳理胡應麟杜詩批評的主要內容，凸顯他在樂府、古詩、歌行、律詩諸體中的尊杜基調。其次，將此基調置入前述復古派的現實處境，更可昭見胡應麟的杜詩批評，深具「對話」意義。他藉用「正」、「變」、「化」、「大」的論述框架，既能有效釐清前人學杜的盲點，何啻也能回應外界的攻杜論調，宣告杜詩自有不可磨滅之光焰，甚至得以抗衡外界由攻杜而轉趨的王、孟一系體式，鞏固杜詩的盛唐超越地位。要言之，胡應麟杜詩批評的理路，實是「鑒戒」前人的學杜實績，進以「重構」杜詩的特色和價值。

Du Fu’s poetry can be evaluated as the most important “paradigm” of the “revivalist party” in the Ming Dynasty. However, the status of Du Fu’s poetry was questioned by writers in the Ming Dynasty along with the drawbacks gradually deriving from the revivalists party’s works. As for the development of the revivalist party, this is an important issue that directly relates to the success or failure of revivalist activity in terms of how to respond and compete with the critical opinions while preserving the value of Du Fu’s poetry, and how to review the tradition of revering and learning in Du Fu’s works while considering the drawbacks in Du Fu’s works and responding to criticisms and attacks on Du Fu’s works by other writers. With regard to this issue, Hu Yingling’s Shi Sou has provided a clear basis for the criticism of Du Fu’s poetry. So this thesis first classifies the main content of Hu Yingling’s criticism of Du Fu’s poetry through stylistic analysis to demonstrate Yingling’s key premise for revering Du Fu in various styles like Yuefu poetry, ancient poetry, song-styled poetry, and regulated poetry. Second, this analysis sheds light on the meaning of “conversation” in Hu Yingling’s criticism of Du Fu’s poetry by putting this key premise into the issue realism of the revivalist party. This can effectively clarify the shortcomings in previous studies of Du Fu, respond to the arguments proposed to attack Du Fu, declare that Du Fu’s poetry has an indelible flame, and can even compete with the Wang-Meng system that shifted from the attack on Du Fu through the treatise of “Zheng”, “Bian”, “Hua”, “Da”. Thus, the excellent status of Du Fu’s poetry in High-Tang has been established. The way that Hu Yingling criticized Du Fu’s poetry is to “reconstruct” the features and value of Du Fu’s poetry through “serving a warning” about the achievements and learning that earlier scholars derived from studying Du Fu.