宗教英雄的解構與重構——以唐代釋儀光聖傳為例

Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Religious Hero: A Research of Narrative Analysis for Monk I-Kwang's Hagiography in Tang Dynasty

聖傳書寫，是傳記文學的一種重要體例，其敘述重心在於傳主何以為聖的敘事鋪陳，其於中國佛教教內敘述體系以及教外雜傳小說系統，咸有各自的書寫傳統。盛唐流傳的儀光禪師傳說，係是中國早期聖傳例證，其「拒色殘身」的驚悚母題充滿著傳奇色彩。
從專業宗教聖傳角度探知，牛肅創寫的雜傳《紀聞》〈儀光禪師〉一文，在教內聖傳體系，拒色傷身之情節前有所本（《賢愚經》），況且，牛肅的紀錄亦被宋代正統教內聖傳《續高僧傳》汲錄引用，顯示雜傳被引成教內聖典，將釋儀光視為宗教聖主之意圖。釋儀光歷經著英雄考驗模式的常軌，即「遺棄—引渡—女色考驗（斷根假性死亡）—成就（再生）」之過程。在牛肅的筆下，以釋儀光經歷人世間最大的考驗「美色、慾望」，作為成聖的試煉及確認，他歷經「斷根—假性死亡」模式，揭示精神超脫與重生，其形跡表露著「儒釋道」混融之人生理想。在牛肅所建構的雜傳敘述，被當作佛教經典，釋儀光成為中國高僧之宗教文化英雄典型。
然文本讚譽釋儀光之餘，似乎隱藏著諷刺他宗教霸主坐大之嫌，散發敘述的可疑性。釋儀光傳說掩藏「記奇諷諭」之雜傳作意，隱隱然藏匿著宗教英雄的解構與重構意義。本文將探索聖傳敘事的兩面性，及傳說背後的文化隱喻。

The writing of Sacred biographies, is an important literary style, its narrative focuses on transformation of protagonist’s sacredness, and description in the Chinese Buddhist narrative system as well as the narrative style of the Non-religious novel, each has its own writing tradition. The legend of Monk I-Kwang was spread in Tang Dynasty, because he refused from Beauty to castrate himself, and the strange legend was the religion example of commandment.
Such as Buddhist monk's biography writing style, Monk I-Kwang experienced hero test, ''abandoned - extradition - sex test (the castrating is pseudo-death) - achievements (regeneration) process. Niu Su's writing, the focus of the monk's biography of the plot, in the biggest test of this world ''beauty, desire, as the trials and confirmation of sanctification, instrument Monk i-Kwang after castrate himself - pseudo-death'' model, to pursue the spirit of detachment and rebirth, return to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism ''Mixing religious ideals. In Biography novel of Niu Su constructed narrative where Monk I-Kwang satisfactorily typical religious culture hero of the Chinese monk.
However, other message in text was hidden, because Monk I-Kwang maybe suspected grow in power. Monk I-Kwang’s legend was the monk's biography write ''why sanctification'' also hid allegory in the text. This article will explore the two sides of the Saint's biography narration and the legend behind the cultural metaphors.