南朝清談之型態及其發展綜論

Types and General Development of Qingtan in Southern Dynasties

本文寫作的旨趣，要在補足現今學界清談研究在「南朝」時期之分疏與論述的不足。「南朝」，自劉宋至陳（420-589），近一百七十年時間，相較於魏至東晉（220-420）之二百年，仍是一段不算短的歷史。唯學術史上，南朝清談一直是被忽略或只是被附帶提過的部分，歷來的研究者，皆較少正視它是否也可以作為一個論述主體而存在。本文嘗試從南朝史傳等相關文獻中鉤稽清談發展之型態與面貌，研究發現，文獻中實仍存在著相當豐富的談辯資料，且大多寓有相當濃厚的「名士化書寫」，而符合「清談」之所以為「清」的名士化界義。經由整理，大致將南朝清談分為：一、傳統式清談之「原型」；二、講學談論式之「變型」。「原型」者，乃以士人談論傳統三玄或相關玄、佛論題為主，是一種名士在周旋交際之間，展露風流才性與清逸特質的言談表現。「變型」者，乃基於「原型」中士人（僧）之從游問道的現象發展而來，而轉趨為一種結合臨機論議、躬自講經等多面向、多層次交融的講座文化型態，若從這一部分來觀照整個「南朝清談」，將可以看出清談文化在南朝發展的無窮張力與滲透力。

This study aims to supplement the gap of modern academic studies on Qingtan in “Southern Dynasties”. From Liu Sung to Chen (420-589), it lasted for nearly 170 years in “Southern Dynasties”. In comparison to two hundred years from Wei to Eastern Jin (220-420), the history is not short. However, in academic history, Qingtan in Southern Dynasties has been neglected or slightly mentioned. Past researchers rarely treated it as an independent subject for research.
This paper attempts to indicate the types and situation of development of Qingtan from literatures of Southern Dynasties. According to the findings, in literatures, there are rich philosophical data of Qingtan and mostly are significant “writing of famous scholars’ style”. It matches the meaning of “famous scholars’ style” of “Qing” in “Qingtan”. After the reorganization, the researcher generalizes divides Qingtan in Southern Dynasties into “prototype” of traditional Qingtan and “transformation” in the lectures and discussion. “Prototype” mainly discusses traditional metaphysics to demonstrate literary pursuits of scholars in the interaction. “Transformation” is the composite lecture based on “prototype” and combining discussion of study and texts of Buddhism and impromptu debates of scholars (or monks). From this perspective, regarding “Qingtan of Southern Dynasties”, this study realizes the infinite power and infiltration of development of Qingtan culture at the time.