《左傳》「徒」、「卒」考

The Study of “Tu” and “Zu” in Zuo-Zhuan

本文主要討論《左傳》中「徒」、「卒」的涵義與其差異，並擴及其他相關傳世文獻與地下出土材料。「徒」、「卒」在古籍一般皆解釋為步兵、步卒，實則兩者之間仍有差異。「徒」出現時代較早，由於「徒」的身分是庶人，而庶人的職業屬性即是務農，因此就客觀的環境而言，「徒」無法長期從事戰鬥訓練。因此在春秋時代「卒」興起之後，「徒」便逐步從戰場上讓出戰鬥的位置，而成為後來的「役徒」，或者成為國內內鬥時國君唯一能仰賴的戰鬥人員。至於「卒」應讀為「倅」，其意涵則為「國子」，亦即公、卿、大夫、士之子。這些「卒」與王、諸侯有血緣的關係，符合朱鳳瀚所謂廣義的王族、公族或狹義王族、公族「發展形態」的範圍。因此就親屬關係而言，這些「卒」是王族、公族的成員，而在戰鬥時則稱為「王卒」、「公卒」，也就是「卒乘」之「卒」，屬性為步兵。關於「卒」的形成，筆者認為應該與王族、公族的成員繁衍有關。與王、諸侯有血緣親屬關係的王族、公族，隨著時間的推移而成員益加眾多。因此原本應當立於車乘之上的王族、公族成員，被迫成為步兵，也就是《左傳》中的「卒」。

This article is to discuss the meanings and differences between “Tu”（徒） and “Zu” （卒） in the Zuo-Zhuan and refer to other related references and materials dug from the ground. In general, “Tu” and “Zu” mean infantrymen or foot soldiers in ancient books, but in fact they are still different. “Tu” appears in earlier eras, and their status is civilians whose job are farming. Thus, in terms of objective environment, “Tu” can’t engage in fighting training in a long term. After “Zu” rise and develop in the Chun Qiu Age, “Tu” yield their battle position from battlefields and become “Yi-tu” later or the only battle fighters that the monarch can rely on while internal fighting happens.
With regard to “Zu” that should be read “Cui”（倅）, it means “Guo-zi”（國子）, who are also the sons of senior officials or high ranks such as Gong, Qing, Da-fu, and Shi. “Zu” have the blood relationship with the monarch and the dukes and correspond with Zhu, Fong-han's the broad definition of Wang Tribe and Gong Tribe and the narrow definitions of the coverage of the development form of Wang Tribe and Gong Tribe. Thus, in terms of kindred, “Zu” are the members of Wang Tribe and Gong Tribe, and they are called “Wang Zu” and “Gong Zu” in fighting as well as the “Zu” of “Zu-cheng” whose attribute is infantrymen. With regard to the conformation of “Zu, ” the writer thinks that it is related to the member propagation of Wang Tribe and Gong Tribe. The members of Wang Tribe and Gong Tribe who have the kindred with the monarch and dukes increase more and more with time going by. Therefore, originally those members of Wang Tribe and Gong Tribe who should be on the rides are compulsorily become the infantrymen as well as the so-called “Zu” in the Zuo-Zhuan.