大學生憂鬱症脆弱因素的探討

Vulnerability Factors of depression among college students in Taiwan

本文旨在探討我國大學生早期與家人互動的經驗與後來罹患的憂鬱症狀程度之間的關係，同時檢定過去西方學者所指稱之死亡、分離的經驗與父母、家人教養方式（或不良互動）是否也是我國大學生形成憂鬱症的潛在或脆弱因素；以及探討這些因素發生時間的早晩與特定人物的影響是否也對憂鬱症狀形成的程度會造成不同的影響，希望藉著這些回答可以建立憂鬱症病理本土化的模式。以北部11所大學院校的11名大學生為研究對象；以兩份憂鬱量表，一份家庭互動量表為研究工具，進行研究後，得到以下結果：當探討憂鬱症狀與家人過去互動的關係時，本研究的發現為：（一）就「父」、「母」、「家人整體互動」、「重要人物」四個人物變項對憂鬱程度的影響而言，結果顯示「家人整體互動」的影響力大於「父」或「母」單獨影響力，而「重要人物」單獨的影響力最為微弱。（二）就不同的人物變項在不同時期對個體憂鬱程度所造成的影響而言，在「家人整體互動」、「父」、「母」變項上對「小學」的影響和「中學」的影響，似乎中學的影響略為大於小學的影響，然其差別不大；而只有在「重要人物」變項上，「小學」時期的影響大於「中學」時期。（三）對個體的憂鬱程而言，當『愛的一致性』、『批評性』、『適應輔助性』、『心理分離允許度』等四個變項作比較時，對與「父親」、「家人」的互動裡，以『適應輔助性』最重要，而與「母親的互動」是以『關愛的一致性』為最重要；而與「重要人物」的互動中是以『批評性』為最重要。（四）當以憂鬱分數為依變項，以「父」、「母」、「家人整體互動」在小學／中學兩時期的四個互動層面分數（共24個變項）為預測變項時，其逐步迴歸分析顯示，「家人」在中學時的『適應輔助性』為其最重要的預測變項。當探討親亡、親離經驗對個體的影響以及與憂鬱症的關係時，這部分資料顯示如下：（一）無論在心理或生活上，親亡經驗的影響大於親離的經驗。（二）特別在兒童期，母親／祖母分離的影響的確大於父親。（三）臨床組和正常組在親亡經驗上，並未達到顯著差異程度，可能是因為樣本人數太少，無法作比較，至於在分離的經驗上，只有在以BDI-26為測量工具時，在小學時期有此經驗者上，兩組達到著差異水準。

The purpose of this study is to investigate the past rearing by, the deaths of and the separation from significant others in relation to one's developing depression. In other words, this study aims at exploring the vulnerability factors of depression among college students in Taiwan. It also examined whether different timings of experiences and different groups of significant others did make different the impacts on the severity of depression. 1,441 college students in the north of Taiwan participated in this study. Two depression scales and one Family Experiences Questionnaire were used as research instruments. when examining the impact of the rearing experitence, the major findings are: 1. The comparison of the four groups of significant others (mother; father; other significant others such as grandparents; the family-as-a-whole), shows that the rearing experience by the family-as-a-whole has the strongest impact on students' developing depression syndromes. 2. The examination of the impact of this experience at two timings (childhood and adolenscence) in relation to the above four groups shows that adolenscence experience produces almost as important an impact as childhood experience on the developing of the depression syndromes, except when the subject has been reared by other significant others, such as grandparents, which renders childhood experience more impactful. 3. A comparison of the impacts on developing depression syndromes of the four manners of rearing (psychological separation, consistency of love, criticism, adaptation ), shows that ''adaptation'' has the strongest impact when the subject was relating to the father and the family-as-a-whole, while ''consistency of love'' and ''criticism'' have that impact respectively in the cases relating to the mother and other significant others. 4. Using the depression scale as a dependent variable, and the four manners of rearing adopted by the four groups of people at two different times as predictor variables (24 variables totally), the regression analysis shows that the most important predictor variable is the ''adaptation'' manner family-as-a-whole in treating the subject during his (her) adolescence. An investigation of the experiences of the loss of and the separation from significant others in relation to the developing depression shows that: 1. The impact of experiencing the death of significant others 1s severer than the experience of separation from them, whether on psychological state or on daily life. 2. The impact of separation from the mother or grandmother is severer than the same experience with the father, especially during childhood.