親職認知對管教行為的影響：探討兒童衝突的管教

Parenting Cognitions and Practices in Managing Children's Conflicts

研究目的：探討母親認知與管教間的關係。母親管教包括：正向管教、負向管教及不介入。母親認知則分為三部分（1）母親對於孩子衝突管教的自我效能，（2）母親認定孩子在衝突中的角色，（3）母親認定衝突對孩子社會能力的影響。研究方法：739位國小二年級到六年級學童的母親受邀參與研究（383位評量女兒，356位評量兒子）。母親管教及親職認知由六點量表自編之問卷測得。研究結果：影響母親使用正向管教的認知因素為：當母親認為具高自我效能、認為衝突的形成是孩子雙方或對方的錯、認為衝突會破壞孩子間的關係，認為衝突會讓孩子學到不好的行為、學得互動的技巧。影響母親使用負向管教的因素為：當母親認為自己孩子是犯錯的一方、認為孩子不能為不合社會規範的行為做解釋、認為衝突會讓孩子學到不好的行為。影響母親不介入的因素有：當母親認為具低自我效能、認為衝突能讓孩子學到正向的互動能力。研究結論：母親管教受限於認知因素，日後的親職教育應對於親職認知有所教導。

Purpose: The present study is interested in finding out how some factors of mother’s parenting cognitions influence disciplines when managing children’s conflicts. These factors include mother perceived her parenting efficacy, mother perceived child’s responsibility and justification for involving in conflicts, as well as mother perceived how conflicts contribute to her child’s social competence. Methods: Seven hundred and thirty-nine mothers are recruited from a public elementary school, 383 of whom rate their daughters and 356 rate their sons. Their children’s grades range from the 2ed to 6th grade. Two questionnaires are used. One measures mother’s parenting cognitions. The other one measures maternal disciplines which include harsh discipline, inductive reasoning and non-involvement. Results: Several multiple regression analyses are used. Results show: Inductive discipline is influenced by mother perceived high parenting efficacy, by mother thinking that the opponent child or both children have the responsibility for the conflict, by mother thinking that conflict will contribute to her child s social competence either in a positive or negative way. Harsh discipline is influenced by mother believing that her child has the responsibility in causing the conflict, by mother not thinking that her child can justify the involvement in conflicts, by mother believing that her child will learn unacceptable behavior in conflicts. Non-involvement discipline is influenced by mother perceived low parenting efficacy, by mother thinking that conflict will increase her child’s social competence. Conclusions: Factors of maternal cognitions influence how mother disciplines her child when managing conflicts. Parenting education should be emphasized on changing parenting cognitions instead of the disciplines per se.